长期失眠该吃什么药？
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失眠是指由各种原因引起睡眠不足或睡眠质量差，并影响到日间功能的一种症状。4.焦虑症、抑郁症伴失眠除抗焦虑、抑郁药物外，可配以氯硝西泮、艾司唑仑、阿普唑仑；5.慢性肝、肾疾病患者的失眠可用唑吡坦、扎来普隆、佐匹克隆、地西泮和咪达唑仑，禁用氯硝西泮。
失眠是指由各种原因引起睡眠不足或睡眠质量差，并影响到日间功能的一种症状。失眠的治疗方法主要是非药物治疗和药物治疗两大类。
长期失眠该吃什么药？（图片来源：东方IC）
非药物治疗(即行为与认知治疗)
通过对失眠者的调查分析，大部分失眠者或多或少对失眠存在行为与认知上的偏差：
常认为过去能倒头就睡，现睡不到8小时。为了想多睡一些时间，过早上床等待睡意，越等越焦虑、担忧；
在睡眠开始时或夜间睡醒时，脑子一刻都停不下来，千头万绪，辗转反侧难以入眠，努力遏制思维，却强加了新的思维；
认为睡前喝酒，有助睡眠，虽然入睡快，但打断睡眠的连续性；
常过多地考虑如何得到充足的休息，早上懒床不起，加剧日间的睡意；
失眠者怕吃安眠药成瘾而拒绝服用安眠药，或者相反，听朋友介绍自行选择安眠药服用；
过分关注失眠引起健康状况的不良果，整日思维的中心内容是睡眠紊乱，使睡眠问题成为生活的全部。这是失眠者常见的认知模式和行为方式。
失眠本质上并不是指睡眠的量，如果白天精力充沛，思维敏捷、不感疲倦，即使睡眠少也不一定是失眠。失眠者常密切关注和高度敏感躯体感觉与睡眠不足的关联性，过度评价睡眠不足和日间功能缺失，因担心失眠而引起失眠，对失眠越来越恐惧，久而久之，就形成了一个恶性循环，使失眠问题持续存在。由认知紊乱带来的危害远远大于失眠本身的影响。
此外，建立良好的睡眠卫生习惯，也有利于失眠的改善和治疗。
除重视睡眠健康教育、行为与认知治疗外，应在医学专业人员指导下按需进行药物的治疗。药物的作用机制主要是镇静催眠、抗焦虑、抗抑郁。
常用的镇静催眠药有三唑仑、咪达唑仑、劳拉西泮、阿普唑仑(佳静安定)、艾司唑仑(舒乐安定)、地西泮、硝西泮、氟西泮等苯二氮类药物和佐匹克隆(忆梦返)、唑吡坦(思诺思)、扎来普隆等非苯二氮类药物。
抗抑郁药有多塞平、氯米帕明、阿米替林、麦普替林、米氮平(瑞美隆)等三环类抗抑郁药和舍曲林、氟伏沙明、西酞普兰(喜普妙)、曲唑酮(美抒玉)、奈法唑酮、氟西汀(百优解、奥麦伦)、帕罗西汀(赛乐特、乐友)和文拉法辛(怡诺思)等5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂。苯二氮类药物主要的不良反应有精神运动损害、记忆障碍，滥用或长期使用可产生药物依赖性及撤药后反跳性失眠，而长效药物则有抑制作用与白日残留作用。
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佐匹克隆（：Zopiclone），俗稱白瓜子，最初名稱（：Imovane）。是一种经常用作治疗失眠的药物，适合短期治疗失眠，长期使用可能会依赖或成瘾。
佐匹克隆雖然在BZ1受體上產生作用，它卻不屬於，而是一種衍生物。
副作用最多见于中的味觉改变或（比如口中含有苦味或金属味）通常这种味觉改变是短暂的，能持续至该药物的过期。
佐匹克隆会引起类似于服用之后造成的类型的和服用之后导致的技术降低，从而增加的风险，恐怕是最严重的副作用。所以这类副作用并不是只服用佐匹克隆之后出现的。一项研究评估服用佐匹克隆对第二天驾驶技术的影响，之后发现驾驶技术的降低对社会的危害如同。但某些安眠药例如，对第二天的驾驶技术没有任何不利的影响。夜间长期服用其他也会出现白天停药引发的。
胃肠道反应：味觉紊乱（如口中的苦味和金属味），。
神经系统：中断，，，记忆损伤，视觉空间减值，，，以及。
胃肠道反应：，，，，，，或，，腹部疼痛，，，。
心血管：老年患者用药出现。
皮肤：，胳膊与腿有刺痛感。
神经系统：，，（包括遗忘和遗忘），，，，，或，，，，，，乱讲话，，，，，，轻度。。也可能发生，但该情况主要见于老年人。
其他：，，夜尿多。
佐匹克隆最初被宣称是比传统的更不容易产生依赖与戒断反应的药物，然而佐匹克隆可能比传统的有更大的潜在依赖性，并已经被形容为“苯二氮?類藥物的变相”。佐匹克隆应尽量避免在多数情况下长期使用，如果突然停药尤其是长时间服用高剂量之后停药，最严重的时候会导致患者与（）。
在出版物《》中没有给出任何可以证明“佐匹克隆依赖性很小”的证据。事实上、和成瘾后的戒断症状相似，这类症状在停药的时候经常遇到。戒断症状包括、心跳加速、、、、，也会出现失眠加重的情况。2007年美国曾经报道过有人在佐匹克隆戒断排毒期间发生反应，但该人是长期服用高剂量佐匹克隆的者。
如果连续服用佐匹克隆不到14天或者只是偶尔服用佐匹克隆，那么产生依赖性的风险比较低。然而这在一项仅服用7晚低剂量佐匹克隆的研究里是受争议的。这项研究发现佐匹克隆停药会引起显著。此外，之一的服用7夜停药之后无反跳性失眠，这表明佐匹克隆比有更明显的和依赖性的问题。长期服用佐匹克隆而导致依赖的患者突然停药会发生严重的戒断症状如，所以不应该突然停药。如果佐匹克隆已经服用超过数周，之后的服用药量应该逐渐降低。或者直接改用的（俗称），因为具有更长的半衰期，所以会使停药更容易。然后过几个月再逐渐减少其用量，以避免极严重又极易导致患者烦恼的停药症状（例如、、、、、、、、等）。需要注意的是如果停药做得太急剧的话，停药症状可能持续长达两年。
连续4星期晚上服用佐匹克隆之后，部分患者在白天停药的时候出现了相关的症状。然而白天停药引发的焦虑在药物中并没有那么激烈，反而症状时间更短暂。这令那些由于白天停药而引发的患者更为愤怒。
根据（：World Health Organisation）的说法，虽然佐匹克隆的分子不是，但是其与非常相似。世界卫生组织还指出，佐匹克隆与具有，服用期间也可替换为其他的。在对佐匹克隆的审阅中发现戒断症状通常发生在这两种药物的其中一种服用剂量过大或者长时间服用佐匹克隆。其报道的戒断症状包括、、、，反弹、、和。
服用佐匹克隆的时候应当避免饮用以及含有酒精的食物、饮料，例如当酒精和佐匹克隆一起服用时会互相增强效果，同时也会增加对药物的依赖。
肝病患者对佐匹克隆的戒除要比普通患者缓慢，除了一些对药物的有丰富经验的患者。
佐匹克隆服用之后也会使患者走路晃晃悠悠，老年患者服用之后也会增加摔倒的概率。多数老年人若不慎摔倒也会导致死亡，所以老年人服用之后应避免长时间的站立与走动。
一些患有或者由于严重的、等肺部疾病导致较差的患者，或者患有睡眠症的患者不宜服用佐匹克隆，患有且没有经过任何治疗的患者也不宜服用。
作为一种药品，佐匹克隆含有潜在的药物滥用与服用剂量不断增加的可能。在美国也是著名的吸毒者滥用药物之一，而且他们通常是从医院获取药物。（美国某戒毒所发现5.1%的吸毒者在其治疗中心报告了他们的佐匹克隆上瘾）多数情况直接服用，有时会采用静脉注射的方法吸食，同时经常与（俗称酒精）或酒精饮料一起服用以达到安眠药与酒精相结合的兴奋感。患者滥用药物的行为同样存在会产生药物依赖的风险，即使以后将服用量减小，但由于持续服药时间过长，戒断症状在短时间内也不会消失。所以一些医药公司与相关人员建议处方药量不得高于7至10天的服用量，原因就是担心、和。
滥用佐匹克隆与两类药物可能会导致服药后的，导致患者直接将该药物当作进行滥用，同时也会长期违背医嘱用量去服用药物。一些曾有过或者曾经患有的患者服用高剂量佐匹克隆可能会增加滥用药物的风险。
佐匹克隆在人体中的含量可用在，或当中进行测定。在正常的用量中，药物在人体血浆中的含量通常低于100 μg/L（/升），但是在血浆当中药物的含量超出100 μg/L尤其是发生在汽车驾驶员身上的时候，会影响他们的驾驶能力。一些服药之后导致急性中毒的患者的含量通常在1000 μg/L以上。有报告指出一些由于的死者的血液含药浓度通常在0.4-3.9 mg/L（/升）。
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