（2013?无锡）1．小伟同学在实验室用显微镜观察小鱼尾鳍内的血液流动情况，请你根据实验的方法步骤和现象，回答下列问题．（1）用湿棉絮包裹在小鱼头部鳃盖和躯干部，在实验观察过程中，应时常往棉絮上滴加清水，这样做的目的是保持小鱼正常的呼吸．（2）通常情况下，使用低（填“高”或填“低”）倍显微镜观察尾鳍血管内血液的流动情况．（3）观察中发现，血液快速地由视野的左边向右边流，这是动脉血管．（4）在继续观察中，发现了如图所示的血管A，B，C，它们各是什么血管？A是静脉血管；B是毛细血管；C是动脉血管．
分析：此题主要考查的是观察小鱼尾鳍内血液流动实验的注意事项以及识别动脉、静脉、毛细血管等知识，分析解答．解答：解：（1）小鱼生活在水中，用鳃呼吸，来获得水中的溶解氧，因此在观察小鱼尾鳍内血液的流动的实验过程中，要用浸湿的棉絮，并经常滴加清水，将小鱼的头部的鳃盖和躯干包裹起来，目的是保持小鱼正常的呼吸．（2）该实验的目的是观察小鱼尾鳍内的血液流动以及识别小动脉、小静脉和毛细血管，不需要观察更细微的结构，因此用低倍镜即可．（3）因为显微镜是成倒像的，所以他在视野中看到血液由左向右流动，其真实的流动方向是由右向左，而血流速度较快，说明小伟找到的是一条动脉．（4）[B]血管中的红细胞成单行通过是毛细血管，[C]血管的血液有主干流向分支是动脉血管，[A]血液有分支流向主干是静脉血管．故答案为：（1）清水；保持小鱼正常的呼吸（2）低（3）动脉（4）静脉；毛细；动脉点评：本题考查学生“观察小鱼尾鳍内血液的流动”的实验操作能力，对动脉、毛细血管和静脉的概念理解，是中档题，
请在这里输入关键词：
科目：初中生物
（2013?无锡）如图为血液流经某机构B的示意图，请回答：（1）若B为左心房和左心室，则A血管是肺静脉，C血管是主动脉．（2）若B为毛细血管网，当A中流静脉血，C中流动脉血时，B是肺泡处（填“组织处”或填“肺泡处”）的毛细血管网．（3）若B是肾小球毛细血管网，则C中的血液是动脉血（填“动脉血”或填“静脉血”）（4）若B是臀大肌处的毛细血管网，则A血管在结构上的特点是动脉血管管壁厚，弹性最大，管腔较小，血流速度快，其功能为将血液从心脏输送到全身各处去．．
科目：初中生物
（2013?无锡）如图是缩手反射示意图，请回答：（1）神经调节的基本方式是反射，其结构基础是反射弧．（2）下列叙述正确的是DA．②是效应器，能接受③传来的信号作出反应B．④是感受器，能接受外界刺激产生神经冲动C．神经冲动传导顺序是④⑤③①②D．⑤能将来自③的神经冲动传至④，引起反射（3）图中Ⅰ结构的名称是灰质，主要由神经元的细胞体组成；Ⅱ结构的名称是白质，主要由神经纤维　组成．（4）从反射的类型来看，缩手缩手反射属于非条件反射．
科目：初中生物
（2013?无锡）为探究某物质对草履虫的刺激是有利还是有害，李明同学在2片载玻片上都滴有两滴相同的草履虫培养液（如图所示）用放大镜观察培养液中的草履虫，再用滴管在1，2号载玻片的两个液滴之间轻轻地划一下，请回答下列问题；（1）含好氧的草履虫较多的液滴应从培养液的表（填“表”或填“底”）层吸取．（2）用滴管在1，2号载玻片的两个液滴之间轻轻地划一下，目的是CA．刺激草履虫　B．给草履虫供氧　C．连通两个液滴　D．杀死草履虫（3）用镊子夹取一点该物质，放在2号载玻片右侧液滴的边缘，迅速观察两液滴中的草履虫的变化（1号载破片起对照作用），可能观察到的现象及相应结论是：①若左侧液滴中草履虫都向右侧液滴运动，则该物质对草履虫是有利（填“有利”或填“有害”）刺激．②若右侧液滴中草履虫都向左侧液滴运动，则该物质对草履虫是有害（填“有利”或填“有害”）刺激．（4）草履虫对外界刺激的反应是反射活动吗？不是．
科目：初中生物
（2013?无锡）据调查我国的近视眼发病率高居世界第二位，近几年来，近视逐渐低龄化，且呈逐年上升趋势，这引起了人们对学生用眼卫生的高度关注，如图是近视眼成像示意图，请据图回答：（1）眼球成像过程中，起主要调节作用的结构是晶状体（2）物像只有落到视网膜上．我们才能看到清楚的物体，近视眼可以佩戴装有凹透镜的眼镜加以矫正．（3）汽车司机看见红灯将车停下，这属于条件反射，该反射的神经中枢位于大脑皮层．
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{list wl as x}{/list}脐动脉血流S/D2.4.胎儿超声结构描述：胎位：头位，胎头位于耻上。胎儿头部：颅骨呈圆形光环，脑中_百度宝宝知道日8时2分，我国四川省雅安市芦山县发生了7.0级地震．请你结合如图，针对抗震救灾中遇到的一些问题，分析回答：（1）地震发生后，无论是自救还是他救，都需首先保证完成A系统与外界空气的气体交换，这一生理过程称为肺与外界的气体交换，该过程是通过呼吸运动&才能实现．（2）某人被救时上肢动脉出血，救援人员应先在他的上肢的近心端（填近心端或远心端）用止血带止血．因伤势很重急需输血，输血时应以输同型血为原则．在震区很多重伤员都需要输血治疗，献血者在献血量不大的情况下，其中的血浆和血细胞是可以通过身体的造血器官和食物得到补充的．（3）在等待救援的过程中，有时自救者将会强迫喝自己的尿液，这主要是为补充体内所需要的水分和无机盐．血液流经G后，发生的主要变化是尿素等含氮废物&会大量减少．图中的尿液在形成过程中，既能被滤过又全部被重吸收的物质是葡萄糖．（4）地震灾害后，随时都可能爆发各种传染病，因此需对灾区采取大范围消毒、加强监管食品和饮用水卫生等预防措施．从预防传染病的角度来看，这些措施属于切断传播途径．
解：（1）呼吸系统的主要功能是吸入氧气、呼出二氧化碳，由呼吸道和肺组成，呼吸道是气体进出肺的通道，因此为保证肺的通气的顺利进行，满足人体对氧的需要，必需保证A呼吸系统的畅通．A系统与外界空气的气体交换，这一生理过程称为肺与外界的气体交换，该过程是通过呼吸运动实现的．（2）动脉是将血液从心脏输送到身体个部分去的血管，因此动脉出血应在伤口的近心端压迫或用止血带止血．输血应以输同型血为原则，但在没有同型血的情况下，A型血患者可少量输入O型血．对于一个健康的成年人来说，一次献血200---400毫升不会影响身体健康，所丧失的血浆成分和血细胞，可以在短期内得到补充．（3）人体的生命活动需要营养物质，营养物质包括糖类、蛋白质、脂肪、水、无机盐和维生素等．因为尿液成分中主要有水和无机盐，所以在被困时，万不得已可以通过饮用自己的尿液来补充体内的水和无机盐；G是泌尿系统，主要是肾脏，血液流经肾脏后，尿素等含氮的废物会大大减少，都形成尿液排出去了；尿液的形成要经过肾小球的过滤作用和肾小管的重吸收作用，其中葡萄糖既能被滤过又全部被重吸收．（4）地震灾害后，随时都可能爆发各种传染病，传染病能够流行必须具备三个环节：传染源、传播途径、易感人群．这三个环节必须同时具备，缺一不可．所以，预防传染病的措施有控制传染源、切断传播途径、保护易感人群，对灾区采取大范围消毒、加强监管食品和饮用水卫生等预防措施，属于切断传播途径．故答案为：（1）肺与外界的气体交换；呼吸运动（2）近心端；同型血；血浆；血细胞（3）水分和无机盐；尿素等含氮废物；葡萄糖（4）切断传播途径图示中，A系统为呼吸系统，B系统为消化系统，C是心脏的右心房、D是右心室、E是左心房、F是左心室．}