【原创】非限制性定语从句教后反思
博主的话：定语从句一直是高中英语教学中的大难点，对于有些同学定语从句就像是盲区，怎么讲都不能理解。分析传统的定语从句讲义，往往都是以关系词来分类，再分析每个关系词可以有什么用法，记忆点显得多而且杂。对于刚接触定语从句的学生来说实在有点措手不及。针对这个情况，我对定语从句的讲义进行了新的整理。把它根据先行词的情况及运用来分类。既强调了初学定语从句时找准先行词的重要性，也使得记忆更加有规律，更加简单明了。定语从句是英语语法的难点之一，其中非限制性定语从句更令同学们难以把握。我从非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别出发，讨论关于非限制性定语从句的常见易错题目的解答方法。
　　1. 引导限制性定语从句时，关系代词which可以与that互换；但引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。
　　例1She heard a terrible noise,______ frightened her.
　　A. that& B. which& C.
what& D. who
　　例2She heard a terrible noise
　　______ frightened her.
　　A. that& B.
C. what& D. who
　　解析：例1意为：“她听到一个可怕的声音，这使她感到恐惧。”that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。例2意为：“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”引导修饰noise的限制性定语从句可以用which或that来引导,故选A。
　　2. 先行词为reason时，限制性定语可以用why或for which来引导；非限制性定语从句则只能用for
which来引导。
　　例3I had told them the reason, ______ I didn’t attend the
　　A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why
　　例4I had told them the reason ______ I didn’t attend the
　　A. when B. which C. why D. for that
　　解析： 例3意为：“我早已把理由告诉他们，于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为reason时，非限制性定语从句应用for
which引导，故选A。例4意为：“我已经把为什么没有出席会议的原因告诉他们。”the reason
why...是常见搭配，答案为C。
　　3. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。
　　例5He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,______
he loved and respected as his own mother.
　　A. as&& B.
which&& C.
/&& D. whom
　　解析：本句意为：“他急于去医院看望他的继母，他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。”关系代词whom引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语，不能被省略，故选D。
　　4．引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词whom可以用who来代替；但在非限制性定语从句中，whom就不能用who替换。
　　例6Do you know Tom, _____ we talked about?
　　A. which B. that C. whom D. who
　　例7The American journalist ______ the announcer mentioned in the
news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. Which
of the following is wrong?
　　A. who B. whom C. whose D. /
　　解析： 例6意为：“你认识汤姆吗?
我们谈到过他。”应选C。例7意为：“播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已遭歹徒杀害。下列哪一项是错误的？”关系代词作mentioned的宾语且指人时，可用who/whom/that，在限制性定语从句中可省略，故C是错的。
　　5．当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，其关系代词只能用as
，不能用which。此时非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。
　　例8______ I expected, he didn’t believe me.
　　A. Which B. As C. That D. When
　　解析： 本句意为：“正如我所预料的那样，他不相信我的话。”非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，应用as引导，故答案为B。
　　例9Mary was late for school,______ often happened.
　　A. as B. for which C. that D. why
　　解析：本句意为：“玛丽上学迟到了，这是常有的事。”根据句意，关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的主句，其位置非常灵活，故答案为A。
　　6. 由“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个主句时，不能用as，只能用which。
　　例10He bought the car for more than $20,000,______ his father was
　　A. about that B. with as C. when D. with which
　　解析：本句意为：“他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。”which位于介词with的后面，指代前面的主句，故答案为D。
　　【练习题】
　　1. He was very rude to the customs officer, ______ of course made
things even worse.
　　A. which B. whom C. what D. who
　　2. The old lady,______ had been killed in the war, was given help
by the local government.
　　A. all her children B. all of her children C. all of whose
children D. whose all children
　　3. Living in the central Australia desert has its problems,______
getting water is not the least.
　　A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose
　　4. It rained hard yesterday, ______ prevented me from going to
　　A. that B. it C. as D. which
　　5. The youngest nurse has worked for 30 days in the SARS
hospital, ______ she spent her 19th birthday． A. that B. which C.
where D. and
　　6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,______ was very
reasonable.
　　A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of
　　7. The Beatles,______ many of you are old enough to remember,
came from Liverpool.
　　A. what B. that C. how D. as
　　8. There are libraries for grownups and libraries for children
______ you can borrow books to read.& A. which B.
whom C. from which D. from whom
　　9. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements
and employ more people to&& keep
it running,______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.
　　A. who B. that C. as D. which
　　10.______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth
once every month.
　　A. It B. As C. That D. What
　　11. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house,______ the roof is
under repair.
　　A. whose B. which C. of which D.what
　　12. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one
of them came up to us,______ we gave some bells and glasses.
　　A. to whom B. to which C. with whom D. with which
　　13.______ has been announced, we shall have our final examination
next month.
　　A. That B. What C. It D. As
　　14. Alice received an invitation from her boss,______ came as a
　　A. it B. that C. which D. he
　　15. The weather turned out to be very good, ______ was more than
we could expect.
　　A. what B. as C. that D. it
已投稿到：
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。定语从句的引导词使用规则是什么。什么情况下用关系代词 什么情况下用关系副词_百度知道
定语从句的引导词使用规则是什么。什么情况下用关系代词 什么情况下用关系副词
提问者采纳
some，为了避免重 复，every。 2、先行词是物时，修饰人只能用 whom，用where或介词+which引导，用 that不用which引导，(the)last等词修饰时，修饰物时用which &#47.句型时，few，whose.当先行词是way时、引导词前有介词或短语介词时: ①非限制性定语从句用which， much。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分.，从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致，anything等不定代词时，that..as，none。 6，而that不能， hear，修饰物时用which &#47，whose，no，all。 ②as常与从句中的know， something，通常情况下二者可互换。 3，as引导限制性定语从句，可用 as &#47.，expect等动词连用、在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中;关系副词when.从句中缺宾语， which和as能引导非限制性定语从句。 ③先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时，其定语从句的引导词用in which &#47，但在有些情况下不能: ①as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前.。 5，用 that引导。 六，nothing.从句中缺定语。 四，修饰人时用who &#47， where，从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致;which引导非限制性定语从句;that引导，为了避免重复。 ②先行词为that时，其引导词可用 which也可用that、定语从句的引导词有关系代词who，引导词用why &#47。 ⑤先行词为which时.用that不用which的七种情况。 ②先行词为little。 2;for which &#47: ①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，see，where能引导非限制性定语从句;关系副词when。 4.当先行词是整个主句时。 ③介词后用which不用that引导，用 that引导，当one前有the only修饰时.用which不用that引导定语从句的三种情况，(the)very，which没有此含义，而why不能、主句后;that或省略引导词、主句中，修饰人时用 who &#47，引导词也不能省略，as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中，也可引导非限制性定语从句，用that引导，修饰物只能用which引导.定语从句中缺主语;whom &#47、关系代词who，常用that引导.as中，用that引导;而which一般不用于以上情况.从句中缺地点状语..从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时。 1， whom，(the)one。引导词as和which的区别在于。 2。 五，人和物都用 whose引导，few，不用that引导。 ⑥先行词在从句中作表语时;非限制性定语从句中即使缺宾语;that。 7，用when或介词+which引导，which，定语从句用which不用that引导.从句中缺时间状语;that或省略引导词，(the)only。 1，little，much，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。 ⑦当主句是There be，也常用于as often happens.在固定词组the same、引导词as可引导限制性定语从句，whom，why，such，用that引导，everything。 先行词作宾语的时候可省略【定语从句的引导词怎么选择】 一。 1。 三; that。 ③as有“正如”的含义.。 二。 ④先行词前有any
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出门在外也不愁是由和引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，定语从句分为限定性和非两种。
定语从句 -
限定性定语从句
定语从句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“＋”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时，根据先与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all， anything， much等，这时的that常被省略4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句6. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导By the time you arrive in London， we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to business trip， he brings a lot of living necessities， such as towers， soap，
etc.7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some， any， no， somebody， anybody， nobody， something， anything， everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
定语从句 -
非限定性定语从句
的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which， at which， for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。3. 有时as也可用作4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who， whom代表人，用which代表事物.
定语从句 -
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that， which， who， whom， whose， as等；关系副词有where， when， why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
定语从句 -
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句在下面几种情况下必须用关系代词that引导定语从句: (1) 先行词是不定代词all ,few,little,everthing ,nothing anyting,none等。如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？ (2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如： This is the best movie I’ve ever seen. 这是我看到过的最好的一部电影。 (3) 先行词被all, any ,every ,each, few,little, no ,some等修饰时。如： I have read all the books(that )you gave me.我读了你给我的所有的书。 (4) 先行词被the only , the every ,the same, the last 修饰时。如： He is the only person that I want to talk to . 他就是我要谈话的那个人。 (5) 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。如： They are talking about thins and persons that they remembered. 他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。 (6) 为避免重复，在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中。如： Who is the girl that is crying ?正在哭泣的？ Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours 从图书馆借的哪一本书是你的？ (7) 用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time , moment 代替when 。如： It happened on the day that/when he was born 这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。 (8) 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用which则另一个用that 。如： The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before. 这个国家建立了一个工厂，生产以前未曾见到过的东西。 (9) 主句以there be开头。如： This is a seat in the corner that is still free.那个角落还有个座位空着。
定语从句 -
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1)&&& The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2)&&& The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3)&&& Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4)&&& Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5)&&& We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6)&&& We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for， look after， take care of等(1)&&& This is the watch which/that I am looking for.&& (T)(2)&&& This is the watch for which I am looking.&&&&& (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend.&& (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend.&&& (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.&& (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable.& (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some， any， none， both， all， neither， most， each， few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply， both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples， some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all， most of whom are from big cities.
定语从句 -
关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1)&&& The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear，(2)&&& From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3)&&& Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
定语从句 -
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句&&&&& 非限制性定语从句形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上 翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上 A．做宾语时可省略 B。可用thatC．可用who代替whom& A．不可省& B。不用thatC。不用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：(1)&&& The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.(2)&&& China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例：(1)&&& His mother， who loves him very much， is strict with him.(2)&&& China， which was founded in 1949， is becoming more and more powerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1)&&& His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）(2)&&& His brother， who is now a doctor， always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
定语从句 -
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where， when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age？A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.A. where　　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where， that， on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中， 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who， whom， that， which， whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
定语从句 -
各种具体事项注意
+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？Do you remember the day when you joined our club？先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)as， which 非限定性定语从句由as， which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know， smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth， which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss， ___came as a surprise.A. it　 B. that　 C. which　　D. he答案C. 此为，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good， ___ was more than we could expect.A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday， ____ prevented me from going to the park..A. that　B. which　　C. as　 D. it答案B.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构， 和……一样……。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。As we know， smoking is harmful to one's health.As is know， smoking is harmful to one's health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。关系代词that 的用法1）不用that的情况a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)　The tree， that is four hundred years old， is very famous here.b) 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)　在不定代词，如：anything， nothing， the one， all， much， few， any， little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)　先行词有the only， the very修饰时，只用that。d)　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)　先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally， the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1．当先行词是anything， everything， nothing (something 除外)， few， all， none， little， some等代词时，或者是由every， any， all， some， no， little， few， much等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said？(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意：当指人时，偶尔也可以用who(4)&&& Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.2. 当先行词被修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被the very， the only 修饰时(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy，(2) After the fire in his house， the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5. 当先行词前面有who， which等时(1) Who is the man that is standing there？(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned？（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her， as/which was natural.(2) He was honest， as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思(1) As is known to all， China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south， as we can see from his accent.(3) John， as you know， is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times， which I don’t believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which(5) Tom was always late for school， which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行次受such， the same修饰时，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which， that引导，而且通常可以省略。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was .(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t )(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London.& 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear.&&&&&&&&2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when， where， how， why， whether， what等词引导，充当成分(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.& 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.& 同位语(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
定语从句 -
含有定语从句的一系列难题
1.请看下面的题： How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward _______ at last. A. to has come B. to have come C. to having come D. has come 【分析】其实正确答案是A。大家知道，短语 look forward to意为“盼望”，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词要用动名词，许多同学据此便选择了C。但问题是，句中介词 to 的宾语不是have come，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday为句子主语，we have been looking forward to 是修饰主语的定语从句(介词 to 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略)，has come 是句子谓语。 请做以下类似试题： 2.The man you referred to _____ just now. A. comes B. come C. coming D. came 【分析】答案选 D，句子主语为 the man，you referred to 为修饰 the man 的定语从句，空白处填 came，为句子谓语。 3.The theory he sticks to ______ to be of no use in our studies. A. proves B. prove C. proving D. be proved 【分析】答案选 A，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory 的定语从句，句子的基本结构为 The theory proves to be of no use in our studies. 4.The work he devoted his time to _____ worth praising. A. was B. be C. being D. been 【分析】答案选 A，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work 的定语从句。句子的基本结构为 The work was worth praising. 5.I think this is the very work that we must finish ____ her. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped 【分析】答案是 A。句中空格处填的动词help 并不是 finish 的宾语，正确的句子分析是：that I must finish 是修饰名词 the very work 的定语从句，finish 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，其后的不定式 to help her 是目的状语。 6.Which do you enjoy ____ your weekend, swimming or fishing? A. spending B. being spent C. spend D. to spend 【分析】答案选 D。enjoy 的宾语是句首的疑问词 which，不是其后的动词 spending。此题中的 to spend… 用作目的状语。
定语从句 -
定语从句的三个重要概念
1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。如： The man you talked about is our . 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长 This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的单车。 The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵叶子红色的树是去年栽的 2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如： The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(现行词是名词) Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(现行词是代词) His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。(现行词是句子) 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又做从句中的某个句子成分。如： Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一个学习非常努力的学生。(引导词who) There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(引导词but) He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。 (引导词where)
定语从句 -
学习定语从句的几个误区
一、误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人 whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。如： It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛，名字我忘了。 The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。 二、混淆定语从句与并列句 请看下面两题： 1. He has two children, and both of _________ are abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 2. He has two children, both of _________ are abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 第1题选A，第2题选C。由于第1题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第2题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下面一题： He has two children, both of _________ being abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 此题答案为A，其中的both of them being abroad为独立主格结构，用作状语。 请再看一组类似的例子： 1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 第1应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第2应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。比较下面一例： He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 此题与上面的第2题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。 三、混淆关系代词与关系副词 有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较： This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语) This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit的宾语) The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语) The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语) 比较下面的考题： 1. This is the room _________I lived ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 2. This is the room _________I lived in ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 3. This is the room _________I bought ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 4. This is the room _________I visited ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 5. This is the room _________I was born ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 第1题选B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第2题选A，因为虽然 live 不及物，但live in 却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第3、4题也应选A，因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己的宾语；第5应选B，因为 be born 无需有自己的宾语。 四、误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句 有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如： 1. If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you. A. as B. which C. what D. that 2. When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that 以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。
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