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商品成分：Feneugreek种子精华、茴香子、当归根、益母草、蒲公英根、水田芥叶、海藻商品功效：完全自然的增大， 无任何副作用，只需一个月，就能实现更硕大、“圆”满的巨胸美梦，效果持久，不反弹。使用方法：每日一次于饭后以温水服用两粒。或者依照专业医师建议使用。注意事项：孕妇与授乳妇女不可服用。如果您目前有以下任何一种情况请勿使用此产品：怀孕，高血压，心脏病，中风，甲状腺亢奋。或者您目前正在接受焦虑症，忧郁症或者其它慢性病等药物治疗，均不可使用此产品。同时请勿超过原厂建议每日的使用量。此产品不适合未满18岁者使用。 特殊说明：本商品是从国外原装进口，因此无中文标签，敬请原谅。本商品经您订购后，我司将按照您的需求由专业买手从国外选购回国，然后寄送给您。
&所有成份都是 100% 天然成份，没有任何副作用及刺激素。&Feneugreek种子精华：拥有高成份的植物元素，是草本专家对丰胸术所强力推鉴的草药配方。并且是医疗上控制荷尔蒙的好配方，它可以帮助更年期的症状以及女性身理调整。Feneugreek 种子(又名 Methi in Urdu and Hindi，Hulba )在阿拉伯是一种很有名的药材，专门治疗更年期病症、减少便秘、控制糖尿病症、降低胆固醇、舒缓咳嗽、喉咙痛，治消化不良跟排便顺畅。&茴香子：帮助荷尔蒙。它帮助清除分秘物、同时是胸部皮肤组织再生的关键，且可以清除雌激素内由外在接触的毒素。茴香子如同抗体或是兴奋剂，专心地清除这些外在的毒素。这样的彻底清理我们的身体，对胆结石、黄疸病等肝功能病症都是很好的。使用上完全安心！当归根：帮助身体增加荷尔蒙作用。同时也是治疗更年期病症的药材。它能有效地减轻经前综合症跟更年期相关病。当归的精华已经被当作止痛的原料，具有良好的肌肉止痛及舒缓筋骨伤痛的功效。科学家相信当归中一定有某个作用来增加黄体激素综合体(Progensterone Synthesis) 。黄体激素是另一种人体荷尔蒙，他会在更年期后停止产生。植物营养可以帮助重生这些荷尔蒙，进而帮助增大胸部皮肤组织。&益母草：一直是用来治疗女性来经时的不适及相关的疼痛良方。也拿来用在控治荷尔蒙失调以及帮助消化和循环系统。其包含维他命B群、钙、铁、锰、 Cincin 跟油物质。X蓟草更可以缓合消化不良，更加可以增加循环系统跟过滤血液中氧气至脑中，以加强记忆。正因为它拥有独特的雌激素特性，现在大部份的哺乳母亲都可以从牛奶中大量地摄取到这类成份，是目前不可多得的一种调节荷尔蒙良药。&蒲公英根：有两项特别的用途：加强胆汁的形成以排出因肝脏问题所造成的水肿现象。其根部特别可以处理身体内的排泄物跟分秘物，以便加速刺激胸部皮肤组织的生长，更可以清除我们体内因外在环境污染所产生的毒素。蒲公英根如同是一种抗体或兴奋剂，帮助我们排除体内不必要的毒素。我们食用这个成份对我们的胆结石、黄疸病、跟相关肝脏疾病都有很好的帮助。完全没有副作用！水田芥叶：产于欧州跟俄国及英国，现在更引进美国加拿大等区，是一种生长在溪间河道边的耐寒植物，通常慢慢地生长蔓延，有着羽状的叶片跟蛋心型的叶身。水田芥最早是从波斯、希腊跟罗马帝国时代就被发现，是一种很古老的常见蔬菜。到了21世纪，科学家便发现水田芥拥有防止烟毒的功能，它的 Cruciferous nature 更可以帮助各种肺病如肺气肿或肺癌。水田芥包含了Gluconasturtin (只有在切片或是咬碎时才会散发)，因此可以中和香烟中的致癌物质。植物学家更加提醒水田芥是最好摄取维他命E的来源，而且富有大量的叶酸。这种丰富的维他命，是丰乳不可缺的元素；维他命E帮助身体调和水份，并且增加体能耐力跟心脏反应能力。以一个药用的植物，水田芥已经被常用于利尿剂、怯痰剂、泻药、兴奋剂、建胃药等补品使用。它也拿来作为抗疗贫血症、湿疹、肝硬化、结核病、水痘、疣症、跟踵瘤。水田芥拥有比菠菜更多的铁质，比牛奶更多的钙质和比莴苣多三倍的维他命 E 。它更充满了维他命A跟C，而且非常低卡。&L-tyrosin：是俗称甲状腺素，是一种主要的甲状腺荷尔蒙，也是 Adrenaline and Non-Adrenaline 。甲状腺素是用于增强新陈代谢跟控制生成速度。 L-tyrosine 是产生神经传导素必要的氨基酸，其中包括肾上腺素、正肾上腺素、跟多巴胺。 L-tyrosine 也明显对于中枢神经系统有部份的刺激作用。&海藻：是海带类的总称。它可以吸收脂肪，并且对于肥胖症、蜂窝组织炎跟风湿病有明显的疗效。有着丰富的营养、超过30种矿物质，因此它是给缺乏矿物质的人最好的食补。它更有医疗报告指出，可以帮助头脑、神经系统、跟中枢神经的加强。海藻内含`，可以刺激甲状腺。更有报告指出，海藻可以美化皮肤、指甲、跟头发的作用；防止辐射、减肥，及治疗溃疡等神奇功效。&维他命E：是一种抗氧化物质，在身体有着调节氧气的大作用。它也同时在身体不好时保护身体里的维他命 A ，以及防止体内的不饱和脂肪被分解。维他命E有着抗老化的功效，能延长红血球的寿命且增加细胞呼吸律。另外，维他命E能帮助愈合伤口且能防止血管阻塞，保持您细胞组织的活力弹性，更可以拖延烦恼的更年期的来临。&&&&&拥有完美的双峰是每个女性所梦寐以求的。草本丰胸丸是以纯天然草本成份提炼，帮助您没信心的上身美，达到更硕大、美型、以及有弹性的丰胸效果，内含超过十三种精选的草本材料， 是我们为您精心设计的丰胸秘方。草本丰胸丸带给您新世纪的草本疗法以及安心增大兼得。现在不用手术，也可以达到更丰满、壮硕的胸型。完全自然的增大， 无任何副作用，只需一个月，就能实现更硕大、“圆”满的巨胸美梦，效果持久，不反弹。&&&&跟打针或手术丰乳不同的是，草本丰乳丸给您的是安心、自然的增大。纯天然的草本配方， 加上以人的身体机理考虑，彻底打破传统仙丹神药的传说，帮助女性自然增大，为您保持一个更年轻、更丰满、更坚挺、更性感的胸部曲线！&&&&&特殊的天然草本配方是帮助调理您的身体，以及启动您的乳腺(Mammary Glands)以产生更多的乳皮肤脂肪，如同青春期的成长，进而达到丰胸效果。乳房内拥有雌激素感官腺(Estrogen Receptor)是作为刺激Mammogenesis或是生产乳腺用。这些感官腺(Receptor Sites)如同磁铁般附着于雌激素上。丰胸草本丸的草本成份有 葫芦巴、茴香子、当归根、水飞蓟、蒲公英根、水田芥叶、L-酪胺酸、海藻等，皆富有高
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英国文学史复习资料、《英美文学史及作品选读》复习资料合并版
英国文学史资料 British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages&Beowulf&贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homer?s Iliad and Odyssey Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟 1340(?)~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰? 德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A ) A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ①&The Canterbury Tales&坎特伯雷故事集： first time to use ?heroic couplet?(双韵体) by middle English ②&Troilus and Criseyde&特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③ &The House of Fame&声誉之宫 Medieval Ages? popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight BeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance C rebirth or revival:11. new discoveries in geography and astrology 2. the religious reformation and economic expansion 3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson. 1. Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙?斯宾塞
（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。 The poets? poet. The first to be buried in ） the Poet?s corner of Westerminster Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poet?s poet”? ( B ) A. Spenser?s idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody① &The Faerie Queene&仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”. Artistic features: 1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. ② &The Shepherds Calendar&牧人日历 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. ③ &Amoretti&爱情小唱? 2. Thomas? More 托马斯?莫尔
One of the greatest English humanists ①&Utopia&乌托邦? 3. Francis? Bacon 弗兰西斯?培根
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一 著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。 ） Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.? Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man?s reason. ①&The Advancement of Learning&学术的推进 ②&Essays&随笔(famous quotas: &Of studies&)? The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. 4. Ben Jonson ①&Comedy of Humours& ②&Volpone, or the fox&狐狸25. Christopher? Marlowe 柯里斯托弗?马洛
“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。 ） Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to ____ with his “mighty lines” ( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terza rima D. blank verse①&The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus&浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德 国民间故事书写成） ②&Tamburlaine&帖木耳大帝? ③&The Jew of Malta&马耳他的犹太人 6. William Shakespeare 威廉?莎士比亚 ? ① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ； Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: &As You Like It&皆大欢喜; &Twelfth Night&第十二夜; &A Midsummer Night?S Dream&仲夏夜之梦; &Merchant Of Venice&威尼斯商人 ③Four Tragedies: &Hamlet&哈姆莱特; &Othello&奥赛罗; &King Lear& 李尔王; &Macbeth&麦克白 ④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 &The Sonnets& Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century1. John Milton 约翰?弥尔顿
（诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》） 、 、 。 ① Epics: &Paradise Lost&失乐园? &Paradise?Regained&复乐园 ②Dramatic poem: & Samson Agonistes&力士参孙 ③ &Areopagitica&论出版自由? &The Defence of the English People&为英国人民声辩 ④ &On His Blindness&我的失明 This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best. 2. John Bunyan 约翰?班扬
（代表作《天路历程》 ，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是 英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》 、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并 列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。 ） Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人) ①Religionary Allegory:&The Pilgrim?s Progress&天路历程? 3. John Donne3the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)： （用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought） Artistic features: 1. conceits or imagery 奇思妙喻 2. syllogism 三段论 ① Meditations 沉思录 The Flea 虱子 ② Songs And Sonnets Holy Sonnets ③Valediction:&Forbidding Mourning&IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment 同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新 古典主义时期是同一时期。A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel 现实主义小说) Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. Alexander Pope 亚历山大?蒲柏
（18 世纪英国最伟大的诗人， 其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。 词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。 ）As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.... Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift①&An Essay on Criticism&批评论? Artistic features: 1.Using “heroic couplets” ② &The Rape of the Lock&卷发遇劫记 ③ &Moral Essays&道德论 &Essay on Man&人论? &The Dunciad&愚人记 2. Samuel? Johnson 塞缪尔?约翰逊
①Dictionary =&A Dictionary of English Language&英语大词典? 3. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森?斯威夫特 4（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。 ） ① &Gulliver?s Travels&格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛 &A Modest Proposal&一个小小的建议? ② &The Battle of Books&书战 ③ &A Tale of a Tub&木桶的故事? ④ &The Drapper?s Letters&一个麻布商的书信 4. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔?笛福
（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的 奠基人。 ）? He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. ① &Robinson? Crusoe&鲁宾逊漂流记 It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. ② &Moll Flanders& ③ &Colonel Jacque& ④ &Captain singleton& 5. Henry Fielding 亨利?菲尔丁
（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。 ） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. ① novels: &The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling&弃婴汤姆?琼斯 &The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews&约瑟夫?安德 &The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great&大诗人江奈生?威尔德 &Amelia&爱米利亚? ② plays: &The Historical Register for 1736&一七三六年历史记事 &Don Quixote in England&堂吉柯德在英国? 6. Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗?格尔德斯密斯
① poems:5鲁&The Traveller&旅游人 &The Deserted Village&荒村 ② novel: &The Vicar of Wakefield&威克菲尔德牧师传? 7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德?布林斯利?施莱登
① &The Rivals&情敌? ② &The School?for Scandal&造谣学校8. William Blake 威廉?布莱克
① &Songs of Innocence&天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from children?s eye. ② &Songs of Experience&经验之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: &The Chimney Sweeper& &London& &The Tyger& Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③ &The Marriage of Heaven and Hell&天堂与地狱的婚姻? 9. Robert Burns 罗伯特?彭斯
The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 ① &John Anderson, My Jo&约翰?安德生，我的爱人 ② &A Red, Red Rose&一朵红红的玫瑰? ③ &Auld Long? Syne&往昔时光 ④ &A Man?s a Man for A?That&不管那一套? ⑤ &My Heart?s in the? Highlands&我的心在那高原上 ⑥ &Bruce At Bannockburn& ⑦ &The Tree Of Liberty&V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge?s &Lyrical Ballads&, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott?s death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual?s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic)6and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William W Saamuel Tylor C Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth 威廉?华兹华斯
（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） ① &Lyrical Ballads&抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) ② &I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud& Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils( 水 仙 ) and poet?s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④ The Solitary Reaper 孤独的割麦女 ② &The Prelude&序曲 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔?泰勒?科尔律治
The Lake Poets ① &The Rime of the Ancient Mariner&古舟子颂 ② &Christabel&柯里斯塔贝尔 ③ &Kubla Khan&忽必烈汗 Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with imagination, a strange territory ④ &Frost at Night&半夜冰霜 ⑤ &Dejection, an Ode&忧郁颂 ⑥ &Lyrical Ballads&抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)strong3. George Gordon Byron 乔治?戈登?拜伦
（拜伦式英雄 Byronic heroes 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。 内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德? 哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第 一个“拜伦式英雄”。 ）? “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① &Don Juan&唐?璜 &Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage&恰尔德?哈罗德尔游记 &Cain&该隐 ② &When We Two Parted&当初我们俩分别 &She Walks In Beauty&74. Persy Bysshe Shelley 波西?比希?雪莱
① Poetic Drama：&Prometheus Unbound&解放了的普罗米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies man?s victory over tyranny and oppression ② &Queen Mab&麦布女王 &Revolt of Islam&伊斯兰的反叛 &The Cenci&钦契一家 &A Defence of Poetry&诗辩 &The Necessity of Atheism&无神论的必要性 ③ Lyrics: &Ode to the West Wind&西风颂 Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring.This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's &Ode to the West Wind& is writtenin iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗 aba bcb cdc ded efe …) &To a Skylark&致云雀 5. John? Keats 约翰?济慈
(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ① Four great odes: &Ode on a Grecian Urn&希腊古瓮颂 &Ode to a Nightingale&夜莺颂 &Ode to Psyche&心灵颂 &Ode On Melancholy& 忧郁颂 ② &To Autumn&秋颂? Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, &To Autumn&, is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually8yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen 简?奥斯丁 ? She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① &Sense and Sensibility&理智与感情 &Pride and Prejudic& 傲慢与偏见(chapter I) 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood 【 Lydia & Wickham 】 shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】 comic characters &Mansfield Park&曼斯菲尔德庄园 &Emma&爱玛 &Northanger Abbey&诺桑觉寺 &Persuasion&劝导 7. Walter? Scott 沃尔特?斯科特
(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels ① &Rob Roy& 罗伯?罗伊 ② &Ivanhoe& 艾凡赫VI The Victorian Period Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events. 1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯?狄更斯
（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① &The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club&匹克威克外传 ② &Oliver Twist&奥利弗?特维斯特（雾都孤儿） ③ &The Old Curiosity Shop&老古玩店 ④ &A Christmas Carol&圣诞颂歌9⑤ &Dombey and Son&董贝父子 ⑥ &David Copperfield&大卫?科波菲尔 ⑦ &Bleak House&荒凉山庄 &Hard Times&艰难时世 ⑧ &A Tale of Two Cities&双城记(London & Paris) ⑨ &Great Expectations&远大前程 ⑩ &Our Mutual Friend&我们共同的朋友是英国 19 世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各 国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的 发展也产生了深远的影响。2. William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷
①&Vanity Fair& or a Novel without a Hero 名利场(the name is an excerpt from &The Pilgrim?s Progress&by John Bunyan) ②&The Book Of Snobs& 3. Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂?勃朗特
① &Jane Eyre&简?爱 Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. ② &Shirley&雪莉 ③ &Professor&教师 4. Emily Bronte 艾米莉?勃朗特
① & Wuthering? Heights&呼啸山庄 A story about two familie and an intruding stranger. 【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② & Old Stoic& 5. George Eliot 乔治?艾略特 ? ① &The Mill on the Floss&弗洛斯河上的磨坊 ② & Adam? Bede&亚当?比德 ③ & Silas? Marner&织工马南 ④ & Middlemarch&米德尔马契106. Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗莱德?丁尼生
（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① & In Memoriam&悼念 To memorialize his friend ② & Break, Break, Break& ③ & Idylls of the King&国王叙事诗 7. Robert Browning 罗伯特?白朗宁
① & My Last Dutchess&我已故的公爵夫人 ② & Home Thoughts From Abroad&海外乡思 Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① &Sonnet from the Portuguese&葡萄牙十四行诗 8. Robert Louis Stevenson ① &Treasure Island&金银岛 9. Thomas? Hardy 托马斯?哈代
（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。W novels of character and environment） ? Novels ① & Tess Of The D?Urbervilles&德伯家的苔丝 Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② & Jude The Obscure&无名的裘德 ③ & Under The Greenwood Tree&绿荫下 ④ & Far From?The Madding Crowd&远离尘嚣 ⑤ & The Mayor Of Casterbridge&卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ & The Return of the Native&还乡 ? Poems Wessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国VII
The 20th CenturyPlaywrights ①Oscar Wilde ②George Bernard Shaw 1. Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡?王尔德
（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake）11① 4 Comedies: &The Importance Of Being Earnest&认真的重要 &Lady Windermere?s Fan&温德米尔夫人的扇子 &A Woman Of No Importance&一个无足轻重的女人 &An Ideal Husband&理想的丈夫 ② Novel: &The Picture Of Dorian Gray&多利安?格雷的画像 ③ Fairy Stories: &The Happy Prince And Other Tales&快乐王子故事集 2. George Bernard Shaw 乔治?伯纳?萧
(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ? Plays ① Plays Unpleasant &Mrs Warren?S Profession&华伦夫人的职业 &Widowers? Houses&鳏夫的房产 ② Plays Pleasant &Arms And Man&武器与人 &The Man Of Destiny&左右命运的人 ③ Plays &Man And Superman&人与超人 &Pygmalion&匹格玛利翁 &The Apple Cart&苹果车 &Saint?Joan&圣女贞德Novelists (Realists)1. Joseph Concrad ① &Lord Jim&吉姆爷 ② &Heart Of Darkness&黑暗的心 1.Why the book?s title is Heart of Darkness? The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people?s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans? heart. 2.What is the symbolism of black and white 【Black / dark- 】 death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages. According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way,12Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”. 【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion. Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt 3.Comment The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies. Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once &one of the darker places of the earth& before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background. This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state. 4.Character 【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. 5.Narrative Structure In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz?s story. 2. William Somerset Maugham &Of Human Bondage&人性的枷锁 3. Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster) &A Passage To India&印度之行 &Hawards End&霍华兹别墅13Modernists?3 Novelists ①James Joyce ②David Herbert Lawrence ③Virgirnia Woolf 1. David Herbert Lawrence 戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯
① &Sons And Lovers&儿子与情人(autobiographical) 【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is &a woman of character and refinement&, a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She hopes that they will become outstanding 【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother?s love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mother?s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair. Theme: Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual?s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence?s Sons and Lovers ②&The Rainbow&虹? ③&Women In Love&恋爱中的女人 ④ &Lady Chatterley?s Lover&查特莱夫人的情人 2. James? Joyce 詹姆斯?乔伊斯
（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness &Ulysses&尤利西斯(S_O_C) &A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man&一个青年艺术家的肖像 &Finnegans Wake&芬尼根的苏醒 &Dubliners&都柏林人143. Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙
（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness ① Novels &Mrs? Dalloway&达洛维夫人 &To The Lighthouse&到灯塔去 &The Waves&浪 &The Lighthouse& &Jacob?s Room& 雅各布的房间 &Orlando& 奥兰朵 &Between The Acts&幕间?2 Poets①W. B. Yeats (William Butler Yeats ) ②T.S. Eliot ( Thomas Sterns Eliot ) 1.William Butler?Yeats 威廉?勃特勒?叶茨
（爱尔兰诗人， 剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团） ?collections ① &The Wind Among The Reeds& 苇风 &Responsibilities& 责任 ② &The Tower& 塔 &The Winding Stair& 旋转的楼梯 ?Poems &Easter 1916&复活节，1916 &The Second Coming& 第二次来临/再世 &Sailing To Byzantium& 到拜占庭航行 2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家） ? Poems ① &The Waste Land& ② &Four Quartets&四个四重奏 ③ &The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock& ? Plays ① &Murder In The Cathedral& 大教堂谋杀案1510 对外《英美文学史及作品选读》期末考试复习材料一、名词解释1. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. They fought against inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the servi ce of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. （启蒙运动）2. Ode: A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a pers on or a season or to commemorate an event.（赋；颂歌；颂诗）3. Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art inWestern culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. （浪漫主义）4. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting thevalues of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral traditi on and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗）5. Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that dealswith a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. （冒险故事；传奇）6. Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.（十四行诗）7. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb―that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.（抑扬格五音步）8. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.（两行诗；对句）9. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an16entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical co nceit.（奇喻）10. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. （头韵）二、考试大纲Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period (449―1066) 1.Literature characteristics Literary divisions : pagan &Christian 2 .Representative achievement of Anglo-Saxon period―The Song of Beowulf (了解 Beowulf 的文学地位，主题，故事梗概等内容。) （1） Literary position:①a national epic of the English people.②The first major poem in a European （2）Major Themes ：①Goodness conquers evil. ②Men against nature ③To judge the greatness of a human being by the greatness of his deeds and his noble ancestry. ④ Help your neighbor. ⑤Forces of always at work in society. （3）故事内容：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的 妖怪格兰戴每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。 此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访， 协 助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，孰料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之 格斗，贝奥武夫扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来 为其子复仇 ，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。 第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为 王，前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身 受重创，终於身死。诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。 3.define the terms: epic, alliteration Part II The Anglo-Norman Period 1. 了解中世纪文学特点：传奇文学（romance）特点及其题材 （1）Special features of romance： A).To sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds in verse or prose. B). Motifs of the quest, challenge, test, and meeting with the evil giant. C). The hero is the knight, setting out on a journey to accomplish some goal --to protect the church and the poor, to attack infidelity, to rescue a maiden, to meet a challenge, or to obey a knightly command. D). Mysteries and fantasies (improbable, supernatural) E). Romantic love F). Standardized characterization Heroes, heroines and wicked stewards can be easily moved from one romance to another. G). Loose and episodic structure H).The language and style are simple and straightforward. I).The romance reflects a chivalric age. （2）The three major subjects: A. The Matter of France (about Charlemagne and his peers) B. The Matter of Greece &Rome (stories about the ancient Romans, and the Greeks)17C. The Matter of Britain (about King Arthur and his round-table knights 2. 了解 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 的故事梗概、写作特点、主题。 （1） 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》故事梗概：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行 宴会。 一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战： 有谁敢当场砍下他的头， 并让他一年后回敬一斧。 高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。一 年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，来到一座城堡。城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引 诱高文；高文不为所动。最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。绿衣骑士原来就 是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。绿 衣骑士向他解释： 落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报， 第三 斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。 高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷， 将自己的 历险告诉众人， 骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。 那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道 德的象征。 （2）写作特点：故事的结构极为完整而集中，形成一个有机整体。第三部分故 事双管齐下，有条不紊，而不显重复。作者善于运用悬念，善于烘托气氛，尤其是四 季的景色、宫廷的华丽、奇异的冒险,富于浪漫主义色彩。对话流畅自然,尤其高文与 城堡主妇的对话，有攻有守，十分生动。从结构、叙事、心理描写、对话等方面看， 已有点象近代小说。从诗歌形式讲，它和《珍珠篇》等诗有异曲同工之妙 ,全诗共分 101 段,每段 20、30 行不等，都是双声体,但每段结尾都有“轮”，指用两个音节作一行 打住，下面是四短行押韵诗，非常工整。 （3）Major themes： A. Nature vs. human society B. The futility of human constructions C. The viability of chivalric values D. The fall of man and loss of innocence E. Faith in God F. Celtic Pagan Sources and Christian overlay 3. define the term: romance Part III Geoffrey Chaucer 1. 了解 Chaucer 文学地位、文学贡献，掌握其写作特点及代表作。 （1）乔叟地位与贡献：① founder of English poetry. ② founder of English realism. ③ the first great poet writing in the English language. ④introduced ( from France) the rhymed stanza of various types esp. the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (heroic couplet) instead of the old alliterative verse.（五音步抑扬格的双行押韵体;英雄双韵 体 ） ⑤established English as the literary language of the country. ⑥made the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. （2）Artistic Features： ①Messenger of Humanism Affirm man's right to pursue earthly happiness Praise man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life Expose and satirize the social vices, including religious abuses ②The first important realistic writer Present a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society Create a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life Explore the theme of the individual's relation to the society18③ “Father” of English poetry Introduce the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry (e.g. heroic couplet) Develop his art of poetry Master of the English language （3）代表作 The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》 、 Book of the Duchess 《公爵夫人之书》 、The House of Fame《声誉之宫》 2. 掌握 The Canterbury Tales 的故事梗概、 写作特点、 主题。 熟悉、 掌握并学会分析 General Prologue 的内容及结构特点。 （1）故事梗概：叙述朝圣者一行 30 人会聚在泰巴旅店，这些朝圣者有骑士、僧尼、商人、 手工艺者、医生、律师、学者、农夫、家庭主妇等当时英国社会各个阶层的人士，他们准备 前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。店主爱热闹，自告奋勇为他们担任向导，并提议在往返圣地 的途中每人来回讲两个故事，以解旅途中的寂寥，并由店主做裁判，选出讲故事最好的人， 回到旅店后大家合起来请他吃饭。众人接受了店主的建议，于是次日一同踏上朝圣之途，并 开始讲故事。 （2）features: ①All tales but two are written in verse (poetry); ②Connected in two ways: the host? intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue. ③in order to get a better understanding of each tale, readers have to read back the corresponding portion of the Prologue. （3）The themes of The Canterbury Tales, and include topics such as courtly love, treachery, and avarice. Religious malpractice is a major theme. Also, focusing on the division of the three estates (nobility, clergy, and commoners) are a big part of the tales. （4）In The General Prologue（开场白）, Chaucer sets up the general structure of the tales and introduces each of the characters who will tell the tales. The characters who tell each of the tales are as important as the characters in the
a significant portion of the action of The Canterbury Tales takes place within the prologue to each of the tales. The General Prologue in essence serves as a guide. Chaucer only lived to write 24 tales. Some of the stories that remain are only fragments which have either been lost or were never completed by the author. 3. 掌握 英雄双韵体 （heroic couplet）的特点。 In prosody, Chaucer mostly used the ten-syllable line in rhymed couplets (later developed into the most fashionable &heroic couplet” of the 18th century). It refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on.。 英雄双韵体是一种英国古典诗体，由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步，每个音 步有两个音节，第一个是轻音，第二个是重音。句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。 4. 了解大众民谣 （popular ballads）特点，题材。 （1）Ballad: literature of English people (peasants), not written but oral. ? a narrative poem that tells a story. ? a story told in song, usu. In 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed. （2）Subjects: young lovers’ struggle against feudal- conflict between19
criticism of the civil war ( between England and France.); matters of class struggle. Part IV The Renaissance English Literature（ca.） 1．了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；了解文艺复兴英国文学的发展概况；掌握这一时期诗 歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。 （1）Humanism is the key note of the Renaissance. Feature1: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. There rose a current of the study of Greek and Latin authors, in doing which people caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. The love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas. Feature2: a keen interest in the activities of humanity. People didn?t think they should live only for God. Thinkers, artists and poets arose to admire human beauty and human achievement, which ran in odd with theology. Hence arose the thought of Humanism. Humanism is the key note of the Renaissance. （2）English literature： ① drama： John Lyly, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. ② Lyrical Poetry.： Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser. ③prose writers：Thomas More, wrote his famous prose work &Utopia&, which may be thought of as the first literary masterpiece of the English Renaissance. Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists in English literature. （3）Elements of drama： ①Plot The structure of a play?s action, the order of the incidents, their arrangement and form ②Character The vital center of a play How they look, what they say and in w what they do and how their actions reveal who they are and what they represent The human qualities are the most engaging feature. ③ Dialogue Drama is described as “persons moving about on stage using words.” Major functions of Dialogue: to advance the plot, to establish setting, and to reveal character. an qualities are the most engaging feature. ④Staging Things like positions of actors, nonverbal gestures and movements, scenic background, props and costumes, lighting and sound effects ⑤Theme It is the central idea of the play. （4）Some Key Dramatic Terms： Script 脚本 Stage Directions 舞台指示 Spectacle 奇观 Monologue 独白 Soliloquy 独自一人独白 Aside 旁白 Act Scene 场景 Set 设置 （5）The three great representative achievements in literature20①Edmund Spencer?s The Shepherd?s Calendar and Faerie Queen ②Francis Bacon?s Essays ③William Shakespeare?s dramas 2．了解莎士比亚的生平，文学地位。 ? One of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the world. ? His greatness depends on his penetrating exposition of human nature, lively paintings of human life and truthful reflections of human reality. ? He is famous for his character portrayal and plot construction. ? He is a master of English language. ? He exerts a great influences on the writers after him. 3.了解莎士比亚的主要作品及创作特点，重点掌握 Hamlet, Sonnet 18 的内容、艺术特点、 主题， Prince Hamlet 的性格特征。 （1）38 plays + 154 sonnets +2 long poems. His Great Comedies: “ A Midsummer Night’s Dream” “ The Merchant of Venice” “ As You Like It” “ Twelfth Night” （ 《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《皆大欢喜》《第十二夜》 、 、 、 ） His Great Tragedies: “ Othello”“ King Lear” “ Mac Beth” “Hamlet” （ 《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》《哈姆雷特》 、 、 、 ） （2）Features of his drama： a. realism b. method of adaptation, widely borrowing. ★（3）Hamlet ? The first of his great tragedies, which is a revenge story. ? The hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court has been presented. ? Contrast is an important structural principle used in the play. ? The revenge theme is interrelated with the themes of faithlessness, love and ambition. ▲Themes： Relationships between father and son, mother and son, and Hamlet and his friends Action and inaction Corrupt power and power corrupting The most significant e th “” “if it be now....” The meaning and possibilities of stagecraft ▲The character of Hamlet： ①a humanist, free from prejudices and superstitions. Love the world instead of the heaven. ②treat people with love. Disgusted with uncle?s drunkenness. Shocked by mother?s shallowness. ③intellectual genius outstanding. Close observer. Sum up in “ Denmark is a prison”. ★ （4）Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？ Thou art more lovely and more temperate:21你不独比它可爱也比它温婉： Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践， And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短： Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈， And often is his gold complexion dimmed, 它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽： And every fair from fair sometime declines, 被机缘或无常的天道所摧折， By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: 没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。 But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 但是你的长夏永远不会雕落， Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, 也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳， Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade, 或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊， When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, 当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。 So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, 只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛， So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。 ? The most famous and well-loved one of all sonnets . ? The stability of love and its power to immortalize the poetry are its theme. ? Shakespeare expresses a point that as long as there are breaths in mankind, ▲Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. ▲Theme of the Poem：Literature will keep transient beauty ever lasting. ▲修辞：Simile 比喻、Metaphor 隐喻、Personification 拟人、Rhetorical Question 反问 4. 掌握无韵诗 （blank verse）的特征； Blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 英语格律诗的一种。每行用五个长短格音步DD十个音节组成，每首行数不拘，不 压韵。 音步类型都采取抑扬格五音步。不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗。多用在戏剧 和叙事诗中。 5. 掌握《哈姆雷特》中反映出来的人文精神。 结合人文主义回答（对于颠倒混乱的社会现实表现出深深的忧虑，呼唤理性、秩序和新的道 德理想、社会理想。表达了对美好人性的追求向往、对现实中被欲望和罪恶玷污的人性的深 刻批判。 ） 6. 了解培根的主要作品，写作特点。熟悉 Of Studies 的内容，学会分析其写作特点。 （1）Major Works22Essays (1594) （随笔） The Advancement of Learning (1605)（ 《学问的发展》 ） Great Instauration and Novum Organum (1620)――伟大的复兴和新工具 New Atlantis (posthumous) （2）写作特点：Bacon's essays are noted for heir clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon's chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally Speaking, Bacon's literary Writing Style of Bacon's style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness. （3） Studies 的内容： reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing Of ① an exact man. ② histories make men wise, poets, the mathematics, natural philosophy, moral, logic and rhetoric, able to contend .③ Studies serve for delight. 7. 了解诗歌格律，掌握 iambic pentameter. Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in E it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets 8. define the terms: Renaissance, sonnet. Part V The 17th Century English Literature: The Period of Revolution and Restoration 1．了解清教思想对英国文学的影响；掌握革命时期及复辟时期英国文学的总体特征及代表 作家与作品。 （1）影响：The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to make man free. Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. So in the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were passed, many simple pleasures were forbidden and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. The London theaters were closed in 1642. The whole spirit of the movement: fighting for liberty and justice， overthrowing despotism and making men’s life and property safe from the tyranny of rulers. （2）Poetry Two diverse poetic traditions―the Cavalier (Jonson) and the metaphysical (Donne ) A great poet of the century, John Milton John Dryden --- the foremost poet of Restoration （3）Drama Ben Jonson: classical models & worldly, peculiarly English wit A host of successful playwrights, including John Webster (ca. ), Francis Beaumont (ca. ) and his collaborator John Fletcher (), Philip Massinger (), Thomas Middleton (), John Ford (ca. ), and James Shirley (). （4）Prose23Francis Bacon : Essays The classic King James Version of the Bible (1611) Dryden?s Essay on Dramatic Poesy The fiction prose represented by John Bunyan?s Pilgrim?s Progress. 2．了解玄学派诗歌的总体特征。 Metaphysical Poets：a more colloquial language, a single-minded working of one theme. 3. 掌握 three Johns: John Donne, John Milton, John Bunyan 的代表作品，写作特点。 （1）John Donne ：Special features ① Conceits:奇思 Donne's famous analogy of parting lovers to a drawing compass affords a prime example. These conceits offer brilliant and multiple insights into the subject of the metaphor and help give rise to the much-praised ambiguity of Donne's lyrics ②Wit: 机智 Wit lashes through his pr wit kindles his edifices, c wit also helps build up tensions and movements in his poems. ③Imagery: Erudite, fanciful and homely, Donne?s images reveal the width of intellectual explorations and give his poems a texture so different from the florid and diffuse Elizabethan poetry. ④ Dramatic and conversational style: Most of Donne?s poems employ a central speaker who takes effort to argue, to persuade, to analyse or to confess. His voice resembles that of stage characters in the sense that the messages are conveyed in conversations. （2）John Milton （Lycidas (1637) 《列西达斯》 、Areopagitica (1644) 《论出版自由》 Paradise Lost 、Samson Agonistes (1671) 《力士参孙》 ） （3）John Bunyan （The Pilgrim’s Progress (Part Ⅰ, 1678)、The Pilgrim’s Progress (Part Ⅱ,1684)、The Holy War） 4. 掌握 John Donne 的 Song, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, Sonnet: Death be not proud 的主题、艺术特色。 （1）Theme of song: the lack of constancy, unfaithfulness and changeability of women. Characteristic: ambiguous, not hinting at the subject matter of the poem （2）A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning：the finding of love and the possession of love. Characteristic: wit （3）Sonnet Death be not proud：Man is superior to death；Death has not right to be proud；since human beings do not die but live eternally after ?one short sleep.? ； Death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal. 艺术特色: symbolism, imagery, wordplay 5．掌握 John Milton 的诗歌特征，重点掌握 Paradise Lost （Book I） 节选的内容，学会 分析撒旦的性格特征；掌握其 Sonnet 的主题内容，艺术特色。 （1）Features of His Poetry： Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. Milton is a great master of blank verse. ? Writing skills 1.Grand style(宏大风格)：sublimity(崇高) of thought；majesty(雄伟) of expression242.Blank verse(无韵诗\素体诗)：unrhymed(不押韵的)；iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) ★（2）Ⅰ、themes of Paradise Lost: ①The fall of man：First Satan falls, then man falls. ②Freedom and choice：Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying God. Ⅱ、The poem, on the surface, was &to justify the ways of God to man&, i. e. to preach submission to the Almighty. But under the surface, the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God's authority. ▲（3）Satan (Lucifer) Character Analysis： As a real hero, a rebel with the unconquerable will. A proud rebel who will not submit even though he has been defeated. His egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. A liar who knowingly chose evil and against his nature His despairing consciousness of his own evil and damnation （4） ①The sonnet presents religious doubt within the narrator regarding his relationship to God and to his work as service to God. ②The structure ： Petrarchan 彼特拉克体) a dialogue in the form of a question and an （ answer. 6．掌握 John Bunyan 作品的特征， 《天路历程》的故事梗概，寓言特点，熟悉节选内容。 （1）Story：A tale of adventure on a perilous path, encountering giants, wild beasts, hobgoblins, etc. （2）Special features： The most successful religious allegory in English language Vivid characterization: Travelers who represent states of the soul, or moral attitudes Style: Modeled on the prose style of the English B S co and straightforward sentence structures 7. define the term: conceit, Part VI The 18th Century English Literature: The Age of Enlightenment in England 1．了解欧洲启蒙运动对英国文学的影响；了解 18 世纪英国文学的整体特征； 掌握不同流派的特点和代表作家及作品; （1）It is an age of prose rather than poetry. There are three main divisions: ① the reign of classicism ② the revival of romantic poetry ③he beginnings of the modern novels （2）I Neo-Classicism 古典主义：John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, etc. II Realistic Novels 现实主义：Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Oliver Goldsmith，Tobias George Smollett III Sentimentalism 感伤主义：Laurence Sterne?s A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768) Goldsmith?s The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) Thomas Gray?s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1750), Goldsmith?s “The Deserted Village” (1770) IV Gothic Novels 哥特式小说散文： The Castle of Otranto 《奥特兰托城堡 》 (1760),25by Horace Walpole (beginning of the Gothic novel in England) Mysteries of Udolpho《奥多芙的神秘》 (1790s) by Anne Radcliffe (the perfect sentimental gothic ) Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》 (1817) by Mary Shelley Ⅴ Pre-romanticism 前浪漫主义：: William B Robert Burns 3. 了解新古典主义的创作特点及蒲伯的贡献； （1）Neoclassicism: It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot （狄德罗） It put the stress on the classical artistic ideal . of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum. （2）Alexander Pope（蒲柏）His contribution: ①An outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school. ②He was a master in the art of poetry and he is so perfect in using heroic couplets （英 雄双韵体）that no one has been able to approach him. ③He was at best in satire and epigram and was an example of conscious literary artist. 4. 了解英国现实主义小说的兴起、基本特征，小说知识 （1）①它偏重对现实的客观的、具体的、历史的描写，强调人物和环境之间的现实关系。 ②典型是现实主义创作的核心。”。③具有强烈的批判性或揭露性，特别注重描绘社会的黑 暗和丑恶现象，以及社会下层、“小人物”的悲惨遭遇 。④在艺术形式和表现手法上，以生 活本身的形式反映生活为其基本形式， 但不局限于这一形式。 ⑤思想基础一般为资产阶级的 人道主义。 （2）Elements of Fiction（小说要素） ：Theme、Plot and structure、Character、Setting、 Point of view、Language and style 5. 掌握哥特小说及感伤主义作品的特征； （1）The Gothic novel: the novel which exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes, decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages, instruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly music behind which lurks no one knows what as the central story, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard villain. （2）Writers of sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. But they attacked the progressive aspect of this great social change in order to eliminate it and sighed for the return of the patriarchal times which they idealized. 6．了解 Defoe 的文学地位、代表作品、写作特点。掌握 Robinson Crusoe 的故事梗概、艺 术特色。 （1）①地位：Defoe is a great realist. The charm of his novels is their intense sense of reality, which is embodied in succession of thoughts, feelings and incidents that are easily recognized to be credibly true to life. The readers can see the essence of the aristocratic-bourgeois society. Defoe gave his story the quality of factual truth from his observation of nature and society, moreover, he is a novelist of strong imagination. ②Major Works：Roxana《罗克萨娜》 Robinson Crusoe Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》 Colonel Jacque 《杰克上校》 A Journal of the Plague Year 《瘟疫年记事》 Moll Flanders 《摩尔? 弗兰德斯》 ③Special features：26Defoe is an anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer. His stories are all real concerns of his time. Defoe adopted the autobiographical form and made full use of his long trained journalistic skill by describing things in great detail and by using specific time and space. Defoe?s style is characterized by a plain, smooth, easy, direct, and almost colloquial but never coarse language. ④Language Diction: plain, smooth, easy, direct, and colloquial but never coarse Syntax: long, rambling sentences without strong pauses to give his style an urgent, immediate, breathless quality, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity. （2）Robinson Crusoe 的故事梗概：鲁滨逊――星期五 艺术特色：journalistic truth with many vivid details；simple and plain sentence structure and language；first person point of view；natural order in narrations. 7.了解 Swift 的代表作品，写作特点。掌握 Gulliver' s Travels 的故事梗概，寓言特征。掌握 A Modest Proposal 的内容、主题及艺术特色。 （1）①代表作：A Tale of a Tub(一个木桶的故事）The Battle of the Books （书的战争） Gulliver’s travels A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议） ②Special features： A writer of satiric prose with a style of great simplicity, directness and vigor. His writings : easy, clear, simple, and concrete diction, uncomplicated syntax, economy and conciseness of language. （2）①故事梗概：Lilliput（小人国）→Brobdingnag（大人国）→Laputa（拉普塔岛）→ Houyhnhnms(慧S国) ②Themes： a satire on the 18th-century English society the wickedness of the then English society the ugliness of human nature Book IV has always presented problems to critics. By one interpretation, Gulliver judges rightly in perceiving his fellow human beings as essentially Yahoos. The Houyhnhnms exemplify an ideal to which human beings should aspire, although the to call attention to the monotony of their lives or the failure of their curiosity only reveals the reader?s participation in human depravity. （3）①内容：A modest proposal for preventing the children of poor people in Ireland from being a burden to their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the public. ②It is the expression of Swift's indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class. Assuming the cool tone of an impartial outsider, the author suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles. The apparent eagerness and sincerity add force to the bitter irony and biting sarcasm. 8. 熟悉 Gray《墓园挽歌》 （Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）的内容、主题及写作 特点。 （1） 最初是为了哀悼他在伊顿公学读书时的好友里查德 ? 韦斯特， 至少诗末所附的“墓志铭”27是为他而作。但纵观全诗，其内容已经明显超越了对某个具体人物的哀思，而是通过对乡村 一处墓地的描写，表达对下层默默无闻的人民的深切同情。对他们纯朴善良品质的赞扬，为 他们没有机会施展天赋和才华而惋惜，同时也表现了对权贵、人间虚荣的蔑视和嘲讽，对大 人物傲慢奢侈生活的谴责。这首诗充分体现了格雷的民主思想。 （2）Themes ：1) Death: the Great Equalizer 均衡，平等 2）Missed Opportunities 3）Virtue 美德 9. 了解 Blake 的代表作品，熟悉 L The Tiger；The Chimney Sweeper 的内容、主 题、艺术特色及象征意义。 （1）Major Works：Songs of Innocence (天真之歌)， Songs of Experience (经验之歌) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (天堂与地狱的结合)， a few prophetic books（一些预 言书）, （2）①The dominating theme in the poem is Nature. London is not introduced in its negative aspect, but it is inserted in natural scenery. The author describes the beauty of the city as the towers, the cathedrals, the theatres and the temples. Wordsworth personifies the city along with the earth and the sun. This reiterates his conviction that the city, at this particular point of day, does not clash with nature but becomes a part of it. ②The poem is full of the duality （二元性） of the tiger’s horrid power C horrible, yet in a way that inspires mortal awe. ③This poem shows that the children have a very positive outlook on life. They make the best of their lives and do not fear death. 10.了解 Burns 的代表作品、写作特点，熟悉 A Red,Red Rose，并学会分析其艺术特色。 （1）①Major Works Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786) Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs (1792) ②Characteristics： Poetic qualities Love, humor, pathos to touch the human heart Embody new spirit of Romanticism The singing quality Simple and musical language （2）“A Red, Red Rose” ：simile & metaphor：rich traditional associations of the rose. →love 11．Define the term: allegory Part VII The Romantic Period: Romanticism in England 1．了解英国浪漫主义文学的整体特征和影响；掌握英国浪漫主义文学的代表作 （1）Schools of romanticists ? Pre-romanticists ：William Blake、 Robert Burns （2） Escapist romanticists： William Wordsworth、 Samuel Taylor Coleridge、 Robert Southey （3）Active romanticists：George Gordon Byron 、Percy Bysshe Shelley、 John Keats 、 Charles Lamb、Walter Scott 2．了解华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情民谣》(Lyrical Ballads)及其地位； （1）Coauthored(合著) by Wordsworth and Coleridge （2）地位： ①Marked the beginning of the Romantic Movement. Preface became the landmark of this new literary trend and states all the basic principles of this new poetic species.28②It is regarded as the manifesto(宣言) of the English Romanticism Movement. 3. 了解 Wordsworth 的代表作品、诗学主张，创作特点。熟悉诗歌: She Dwelt Among the Untrodden W I Wandered Lonely as a C Sonnet: Composed upon Westminster B The Solitary Reaper,掌握诗歌分析方法。 （1）The Prelude 《序曲》 （2）In the preface of &Lyrical Ballads&, he set forth his principles of peotry. ① &All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings& appealed directly to individual sensations as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. ②The true function of poetry lies in its power to give an unexpected splendor to familiar and commonplace things. (humble, rustic life as subject-matter) ③As to language, he endeavored to bring his language near to the real language of man. deliberate simplicity, refusal to decorate, the truth of expression, produced a kind of pure and profound poetry with no other then poet has ever equaled. （3）Literary Style： ①Influenced from the spirit of the French Revolution. ②Theme: Broke tradition, seeking his subjects in the small happenings of country life and the talk of countrymen, children, and doings and feelings of humble people, and emotion from his inner heart. ③Language: He stuck to emphasizing the purest by simplest words. 4．了解 Byron 的代表作品，掌握拜伦式的英雄，了解 Don Juan 的故事梗概，主题、艺术 特点。 （1）Literary Works ：1) Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》 《消闲时光》 2) The English Bards and Scott Reviewers 《英国诗人和苏格兰评 论家》 3）Child Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德? 哈罗德游记》 4）Hebrew Melodies《西伯来歌曲》 （2） Byronic hero, an idealized but flawed character that pervades much of Byron’ work. s 1) 2) having a distaste for 3) 4) expressing a lack of respect fo 5) 6) hiding an unsavory(令人不快的) 7) bei 8) ultimately, being self-destructive （3）Don Juan 《唐璜》主人公唐璜是西班牙贵族青年，16 岁时与一贵族少妇发生爱情}