进入稀薄空气: 登山会杀死脑细胞
进入稀薄空气: 登山会杀死脑细胞
看了今年第二期&户外&杂志的&高原在吞噬你的大脑吗&, 觉得是一篇非常好的文章, 值得每一个喜爱高山攀登的人参考, 在网上搜了一下, 没有发现有现成的, 只好找了同作者的另一篇文章, 略作翻译, 本人不是学医的, 也不敢爬雪山, 错误之处在所难免, 还望方家指正如果攀登高海拔要付出大脑永久性损伤,智力下降的代价, 我以为是值得三思而后行的, 如果不是靠这个吃饭, 没有人愿意为了看几眼风景就变得愚笨吧, 也许会有人说大脑潜力无穷, 死点脑细胞没啥, 其实EQ更重要, 原子弹不如茶叶蛋blar blar blar, 祝你好运至于刻意的无氧登高山, 通常被看作是英雄, 看了这篇文章, 不知道你是不是还会持有同样的看法如果实在执著于对雪山环境的热爱, 我想有两个办法: 冬季攀登较低海拔的山, 去高纬度登山, 这样都可以在4000米以下体验冰雪岩环境而没有太多缺氧的风险原载于科学美国人2008年4月号Into Thin Air: Mountain Climbing Kills Brain CellsThe neural cost of high-altitude mountaineeringBy R. Douglas Fields Three attributes of a good mountaineer are high pain threshold, bad memory, and ... I forget the third.&&&& —Joke in a mountaineering Internet chat room好的登山家有三个特征: 高痛苦耐受力, 坏记性, 还有..我想不起第三个了---某互联网上登山运动聊天室里的笑话 In the late 1890s in a laboratory atop a 4,554-meter peak in the Monta Rosa range in the Italian Alps, physiologist Angelo Mosso made the first direct observations of the effects of high altitude on the human brain: by eye and with an apparatus he designed, Mosso peeked into the skull of a man whose brain had been partly exposed in an accident, observing changes in swelling and pulsation.Now a similar experiment has been done with noninvasive brain imaging, and for those of us who love to climb the results are not elevating. Neurologist Nicolás Fayed and his colleagues in Zaragoza, Spain, performed MRI brain scans on 35 climbers (12 professionals and 23 amateurs) who had returned from high-altitude expeditions, including 13 who had attempted Everest. They found brain damage in virtually every Everest climber but also in many climbers of lesser peaks who returned unaware that they had injured their brain. It seems that climbers of high mountains, whether weekend warrior or seasoned professional, face returning from the high peaks with a brain that is not in the same condition it was in beforehand.西班牙的神经学专家Nicolás Fayed给35名登山者作了脑部核磁共振扫描, 12名职业登山者, 23名业余, 其中13人尝试过珠峰. 他们发现, 不但13名珠峰攀登者几乎都有大脑损伤, 很多没爬那么多的也有What Gives in a Climber’s Brain?Although a person’s tolerance to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) varies according to differences in innate physiology and physical conditioning, no one is immune. Those effects can be acute, affecting you only while you are at altitude, or—as the Fayed study found—they can be longer-lasting.没有人能对缺氧免疫The first acute stage is called, naturally enough, acute mountain sickness. It can cause headache, insomnia, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. The next, more serious stage is high- altitude cerebral edema, also known as HACE, brain swelling that is potentially fatal.Lack of oxygen can directly damage brain cells. In addition, the walls of blood capillaries begin to leak at high altitudes, and the leaked fluid can cause dangerous swelling, pressing the brain outward against the rigid skull. Sometimes the optic nerves swell so badly they bulge into the back of the eye, degrading vision and causing retinal hemorrhages. Meanwhile blood, concentrated from dehydration and thickened by increased numbers of red blood cells, clots more easily. This clotting, along with the hemorrhage from the thinned capillaries, can cause a stroke. A climber with HACE may experience amnesia, confusion, delusions, emotional disturbance, personality changes and loss of consciousness.Severe cases of acute high-altitude disease have long been known to cause brain damage. But one of the sobering things about the Fayed study is that even when climbers showed no signs of acute sickness, the scans still found brain damage.即使没有严重高反症状, 扫描仍能发现脑部受损The results in the Everest climbers were the starkest. Of the 13 climbers, three had made the 8,848-meter summit, three had reached 8,100 meters, and seven had topped out between 6,500 and 7,500 meters. The expedition had no major mishaps, and none of the 12 professional climbers evinced any obvious signs of high- the only acute case of mountain sickness was a mild one in the expedition’s amateur climber. Yet only one of the 13 climbers (a professional) returned with a normal brain scan. All the scans of the other 12 showed cortical atrophy or enlargement of the Virchow-Robin (VR) spaces. These&&spaces surround the blood vessels that drain brain fluid and communicate w widening of these VR spaces is seen in the elderly but rarely in the young. The amateur climber’s brain had also suffered subcortical lesions in the frontal lobes.13个攀登珠峰的登山者中, 只有一个业余登山者有严重高反, 另外12个专业登山者没有明显高山病的迹象, 但仅有一人脑部扫描正常, 12个人脑皮层萎缩或是脑血管间隙扩大(VR space, 健康年轻人不应该有)How High Is Too High?Of course, Everest is extreme. Fayed and his colleagues also studied an eight-person team that attempted Aconcagua, a 6,962-meter summit in the Argentine Andes. Two climbers reached the summit, five climbed to between 6,000 and 6,400 meters, and one reached 5,500 meters. Yet three members experienced acute mountain sickness, and two displayed symptoms of brain edema—probably because they ascended more rapidly from lower altitudes than the Everest climbers did.All eight Aconcagua climbers showed cortical atrophy on MRI scans. Seven showed enlarged VR spaces, and four showed numerous subcortical lesions. Some needed no scan to tell them their brains had been injured. One climber suffered aphasia (problems with speech), from which he recovered six months later. Two complained of transient memory loss after returning, and three others struggled with bradypsychia (slowed mental function).所有八名阿空加瓜山(6962)的攀登者在核磁共振扫描中都显示出大脑皮层萎缩, 其中七人VR间隙膨胀, 4个人大脑皮质下损伤The body is remarkably resilient: Does the brain recover from these mountaineering wounds? To answer this question, the researchers reexamined the same climbers three years after the expedition, with no other high-altitude climbing intervening. In all cases, the damage was still apparent on the second set of scans.大脑是否能从高山伤害中恢复? 研究人员在这次远征三年后重新检查了这些攀登者的脑部(他们此间没有再从事高海拔攀登), 损害仍然明显Still, Aconcagua is one of the world’s highest mountains. Mont Blanc in the western Alps is less extreme. Its 4,810-meter summit is climbed every year by thousands of mountaineers who probably do not expect injury to their “second favorite organ,” to use Woody Allen’s nomenclature for the brain. Yet the researchers found that of seven climbers who reached Mont Blanc’s summit, two returned with enlarged VR spaces.阿空加瓜山是世界最高山峰之一, 勃朗峰则不那么极端, ...研究者们发现, 七名登上4810米海拔勃朗峰的攀登者, 2个人VR间隙膨胀Because Why?The study suggests that chronic exposure to high altitudes is not required to experience irreversible brain damage. In fact, amateurs seem to be at greater risk, because they are more likely to suffer acute mountain sickness or high-altitude cerebral edema. At the same time, the experience required to become well acclimated seems to take an ever increa compared with the amateurs, professional climbers in this study had greater cortical atrophy overall. They felt stronger but showed more brain damage.和业余登山者相比, 专业登山者总的说来, 大脑皮层萎缩更严重. 他们感觉更强壮但显示出更严重的大脑损伤Mountain climbing is growing in popularity—and with good reason. It can provide exper a communion with nature and with friends intense and enduring rewards surpassing those found within t and adventure and challenge that build courage, stamina and fortitude. It also gets you into incomparable mountain wilderness—although that is vanishing. Many sense that the singular “it” residing in George Mallory’s pithy raison d’ascent—“Because it’s there!”—may soon be gone.Some 5,000 climbers ascend Himalayan peaks every year. Thousands more climb peaks in the Alps and Andes. Many of these people spend liberally to mount expeditions or to be guided to the summit. But it is increasingly clear that these climbers are paying for the privilege with something more than hard-earned cash. They’re paying with brain tissue.每年有约5000人攀上喜马拉雅山的群峰, 爬上阿尔卑斯山和安第斯山的还要多好几千.&&...越来越明显, 这些攀登者正在为这份荣耀付出一些比血汗钱更重要的东西: 他们的大脑
哈哈鬼 wrote:多大的海拔算是高海拔？如果从小生活在高海拔地区的人，结果如何？1500米就算高海拔了……是高海拔是非常高海拔是极高海拔8000以上是死亡地带
现代脑部扫描还显示人脑细胞有修复再生能力DNA跨损伤修复基因在人脑胶质瘤中的表达研究英国路透社报道，国际科研小组研究发现， 过量饮酒会损坏大脑细胞，而大脑本身可以修复一些损坏。但他们警告酗酒者应该尽快清醒，因为持续大量饮酒的时间越长，大脑对损坏的修复能力越弱。“这项研究传达给酗酒者的主要信息是，戒酒可以使大脑重新获得一些化学物质，使之更好的运行。”德国Wuerzburg 大学教授 Andreas Bartch 说。“少量酒过后，会有胡言乱语，视线模糊，走路摇晃的现象发生， 但是慢性酗酒会引起长期脑细胞损坏及健康问题。”科学家通过动物实验证明，酒精可以分解成人新脑细胞的形成。孕妇酗酒也会影响婴儿的大脑发育。Bartsch 和德国、英国、瑞士、意大利的科学家揭开了大脑再生能力的面纱。通过测量15名男女雄酒者在停止喝酒前后的脑体积、状态、脑功能， 观察他们在几个星期内的变化。通过先进的扫描技术，发现在停止饮酒38天后，患者的大脑体积平均增大了2 % 。“只有一个长期依赖酒精的患者的大脑体积减小。”Bartsch 说。（英国刊物在线报道了他的有关发现），志愿者在集中注意力的测试中也表现得更好，并有更多的化学物质与脑细胞功能相联系。所有患者没通过药物就戒了酒。 “人的大脑， 特别是它的白质，似乎有先天的再生能力。”
转一篇文章，未落实其出处。新华社西宁６月１０日电（记者吕雪莉、朱建军）随着青藏铁路开通日期的日益临近，越来越多的世人把目光聚焦在青藏高原。世界屋脊的高寒缺氧令人心存恐惧。中国工程院院士吴天一说，高原既对人体有低氧损伤的一面，又有有利人体健康的一面。&&&&吴天一从事高原医学研究工作４０余年。是中国工程院院士，享受国务院特殊津贴专家。现任青海高原病实验中心主任、研究员。&&&&高原地区空气稀薄，高寒缺氧，自然环境严酷。但是，人类为何能成功地生活于高原？吴天一的解释是：这是因为高原既对人体有低氧损伤的一面，又有有利人体健康的一面。&&&&他说，人体具有深刻的柔韧性，高原低氧环境使人体调动体内的生理机能活动，从而提高心、肺、血功能，增强氧的利用，改善新陈代谢，因此会给健康带来一系列好处。&&&&“藏族是人类适应高原环境的典范。他们对高原低氧环境的全面适应是其能够世代生活在青藏高原并繁衍生息的真正奥秘。”&&&&吴天一认为，高原低氧环境给健康带来的好处，至少表现在三个方面。首先，提高人体的低氧耐力。近年来，一些训练有素的登山运动员可不用氧而登上珠峰顶就是很好的例证。应用高原训练使低氧运动耐力大大提高，从而提高运动成绩。&&&&高原气候还可以治疗某些疾病。如早期高血压、冠心病、心肌硬化症、糖**病、支气管哮喘(特别是小儿过敏性哮喘)、肥胖症、再生性贫血等。研究发现，上述疾病在高原地区发病率相对较低。世界上许多国家也已利用高山作气候治疗、康复，或用低压舱模拟治疗，收到较好效果。&&&&高原环境还可以使人类生命周期延长。世界三大长寿区均在高山地区，即高加索(阿塞拜疆和阿布哈兹)，东喜马拉雅罕萨(克什米尔及中国新疆南部)和安第斯(厄瓜多尔)。青藏高原的长寿老人居全国第三位，这与在高原发育延迟、性成熟期延缓及心脑血管疾病和恶性肿瘤的低发病率有关。
上传一张海拔高度与氧含量的对比表Altitude (ft) Altitude (m) Oxygen Altitude Category Example
0 0 20.9 Low Boston, MA.1 Low .4 Low .6 Medium .9 Medium .2 Medium Boulder, CO.6 Medium Mt. Washington, NH Medium .4 High Aspen, CO.8 High
12.7 Very High
12.2 Very High Pikes Peak 11.7 Very High
11.3 Very High Montblanc 10.9 Very High
10.5 Extreme
10.1 Extreme Kilimanjaro 9.7 Extreme Denali (McKinley) 9.3 Extreme
8.6 Extreme Aconcagua 8.3 Extreme
7.1 Ultra K2 6.8 Ultra Everest
Outside Magazine, October 2009户外杂志，2009年10月号Bodywork&& 塑身Are the Mountains Killing Your Brain?高山会消灭你的大脑吗？Alarming new science shows that thin air can wreck brain cells—at lower altitudes than you'd think. Here's how to protect yourself.&&&&&&&&近来的研究结果令人担忧：在你预想不到的低海拔地带，稀薄的空气也可以摧毁脑细胞。下文将探讨如何保护你自己By Douglas FieldsIntro（引文）Pro climbers like Conrad Anker know the secrets of adjusting to thin air. But new science shows that ill-prepared amateurs—or anyone who ascends too fast—may be putting their brains at risk (Photograph by Jimmy Chin)图片说明：登山者的支持者比如Conrad Anker（康拉德·安科尔，美国职业登山家）了解适应稀薄空气的秘密。但是新的研究显示，准备不足的业余爱好者-或任何攀升速度过快的人-或许会把他们的脑部置于险境。"YOU HAVE TO BE poco loco to be a climber," says Dr. Nicholás Fayed. A neuroradiologist at the Clinica Quirón de Zaragoza, in northern Spain, Dr. Fayed leads me into his office and pulls out a collection of MRI images. They're brain scans, taken from amateur and professional mountain climbers after they came back from major expeditions, and the results aren't pretty.“成为一个登山者，你必定有点儿疯狂。”Nicholás Fayed（尼古拉斯·法耶德）博士说。他是西班牙北部的Clinica Quirón de Zaragoza（萨拉戈萨的凯龙诊所）的神经放射学科医生。他领我走进他的办公室，接着抽出了一叠核磁共振成像扫描图片。这些脑部扫描图片，是在一些业余的以及专业的登山运动员从主要的探险活动返回之后拍摄的，这些扫描结果并不乐观。"Atrophy of the frontal lobes," Fayed says, pointing to a black-and-white slice of brain on one MRI. The frontal cortex—the region just behind the forehead that handles higher-level mental functions—looks like a piece of dried fruit. This kind of damage can leave patients with an impaired ability to plan, focus, and make complex decisions. And it's permanent.“frontal lobes（额叶，也叫大脑前庭）萎缩。”Fayed（法耶德）指着一张核磁共振成像扫描图片图片上的脑部黑白截面说。掌控高级神经功能的The frontal cortex（前额叶）正好位于前额后面，它的样子仿佛一片干果。这种损伤导致病人的计划能力，集中注意力的能力以及在复合决策能力受损。这是一种永久性的损伤。"Cortical atrophy, subcortical lesion..." Fayed continues, pointing to the scans of eight amateur climbers whose MRIs were taken in 1998, just after a trip up Argentina's 22,834-foot Aconcagua. "This guy suffered the most serious damage," he says. He hands me a picture of a robust young climber standing on the mountain's snowy slopes, looking fit and determined. "When he came back, he couldn't remember his own phone number. His wife would send him to the store for a loaf of bread and he would forget why he was there and come home without it."“皮质萎缩，皮质下的损坏… …” Fayed（法耶德）指着八名业余登山者在1998年攀登阿根廷的海拔高度为22,834英尺（约6,959.8米）的Aconcagua(阿空加瓜山,阿根廷西部安第斯山的高峰，也是西半球最高峰)之旅刚结束后拍下的核磁共振成像扫描图片继续说道。“这个家伙遭受的损害最严重。”他递给我一张照片。照片上一个强健的年轻的登山者站在有积雪的雪山斜坡之上，看起来坚定而有力。“在他回来之后，他甚至想不起自己的电话号码。他的妻子让他去商店买长面包，而他到了那里想不起他到商店做什么，然后空手而回。”Fayed is an internationally recognized scientist who studies abnormalities and damage in the brain caused by various health disorders. Since 1992, he and his colleagues, neurologist Dr. Pedro Modrego and neuroradiologist Dr. Humberto Morales, have been collecting these scans of 35 climbers returning from peaks like Aconcagua, Everest, Kilimanjaro, and Mont Blanc. The scans are giving us the clearest picture yet of what happens to the brain at altitude, and it's fair to say the results won't make you want to scamper off to Everest. But the good news for most climbers is that Fayed's studies also suggest that proper acclimatization can reduce the risk of brain damage a great deal.Fayed（法耶德）是国际知名的研究由多方原因引起的健康失调导致的脑畸变以及脑损伤领域的学者。从1992年开始，他和他的同事**学者Pedro Modrego（佩德罗·莫德雷戈）博士，还有神经放射学者Humberto Morales（汉博托·莫拉莱斯）博士着手收集35名从Aconcagua（阿空加瓜山）, Everest（珠峰）, Kilimanjaro（乞力马扎罗山）, 以及 Mont Blanc (勃朗峰，位于法国、意大利边境，是阿尔卑斯山脉的最高峰)等峰顶归来的登山者的脑部扫描图。这些扫描让我们看到迄今为止最清晰的高海拔带给脑部损害的图像，客观的说这个结果将不会让人愿意奔向珠峰。然而，好消息是，Fayed（法耶德）的研究也揭示出 ，正确地适应（高海拔）环境在很大程度上可以减少脑部受损的风险。SCIENTISTS HAVE long known that the brain can be harmed by extreme conditions such as high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), in which blood vessels leak fluid into surrounding tissue, causing the brain to swell and press against the skull wall. But Fayed's scans are the first to indicate that brain damage can show up even in people who displayed no symptoms of altitude sickness during their climbs, or had just the usual nausea and lethargy familiar to any hiker in the mountains. And, disturbingly, it seemed to happen to climbers going not much higher than 15,000 feet.科学家们很早就知道，大脑可以被恶劣状况损害，比如High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE，高海拔脑水肿)，在这种状况下，血管渗血到周围组织，引起脑肿胀，并压迫颅骨。但是，Fayed（法耶德）的扫描图首次指出，在即使攀登过程中没有出现任何高山病症状的登山者，或仅仅出现过被任何一个在山地的徒步者熟悉的恶心以及昏睡症状的登山者中都可能发生脑损害现象。而且，更令人不安的是，那些攀升高度不超过15,000英尺（4,572米）的登山者中似乎也会发生脑损害现象。On 15,771-foot Mont Blanc, for example, seven trekkers reached the summit in 1998 without experiencing any symptoms of mountain sickness. When scanned a few days later, three showed major abnormalities. Two displayed enlargement of their brains' Virchow-Robin (VR) spaces, gaps in the brain matter surrounding blood vessels that look like white birdshot on MRIs. (Enlarged VR spaces are found in the elderly and in people with Alzheimer's disease, but they don't normally show up in people in their twenties and thirties, the age of these climbers.) One trekker had cortical atrophy—a permanent loss of gray matter that can cause "spaciness" and other problems—and one had a subcortical lesion, damage to the network of neural pathways in the white matter, which can cause any number of serious issues.比如在15,771英尺（约4,807米）的Mont Blanc (勃朗峰)上。7名旅行者在1998年登顶，他们并未感受到任何高山病的症状。几天后的扫描发现，有三人出现重要的畸形。其中两人表现出脑部VR空间扩大，在MRI扫描图上，脑血管周围的脑白质中的裂口看起来就像白色的鸟枪弹孔（ 扩大的 VR空间常见于老年人以及患有Alzheimer's disease（早老性痴呆病）患者中，但是却不常见于20~40岁的人群中，这些登山者就在这个年龄段）。一人出现脑皮层萎缩-一种可以引起“"spaciness（精神恍惚）”以及其他问题的脑灰质损失-还有一人出现大脑皮层下的损害。这种损害破坏了脑白质中的神经信号传递通道组成的网络，可以引起很多严重的疾病。Similar effects were seen on Aconcagua. Most of the eight amateur climbers never got above 21,000 feet, and one reached only 18,000 feet. Still, none of the scans came back normal. Four of the climbers suffered multiple subcortical lesions, seven had widespread enlargement of their VR spaces, and all showed signs of cortical atrophy—even though half of the team displayed either no symptoms of mountain sickness or mild ones during the climb.类似的效应在Aconcagua（阿空加瓜山）也被发现。8位从未攀过21,000英尺(6,400.8米)高度的业余登山者中，有一人仅仅到达18,000 英尺（5,486.4米）。即便如此，他们的扫描结果没有一个是正常的。其中的4人遭受复合的大脑皮层下的损害。7人出现VR空间扩大。所有人均出现脑皮层萎缩-即使半数的队员在登山过程中既没有出现过高山病的症状也没有出现过轻度的高山反应。The risks at extreme altitudes are clear. A few studies have shown that climbers who spend years in the Himalayas without supplemental oxygen frequently have problems that can be seen on an MRI. But the effects found at moderate altitudes are much more disconcerting.极高海拔的风险是明显的。一些研究发现，在喜马拉雅地区逗留过数年而没有频繁地输氧的登山者存在MRI可以扫描到的病变。但是，这种效应在相对较低的海拔高度上被发现却是更令人不安的。"It's easy to understand illness at 23,000 feet," says Dr. Gianni Losano, director of the Angelo Mosso Institute, one of the world's leading high-altitude-research laboratories, located in the Alps near Turin, Italy. "But on Mont Blanc?"“在23,000英尺（7,010.4米）的高度上出现病变是可以理解的 。”the Angelo Mosso Institute（安杰洛莫索研究所）的所长Gianni Losano说。安杰洛莫索研究所是世界上领先的高海拔研究工作室，位于意大利都灵附近的阿尔卑斯山上。“但是在勃朗峰上？”I READ ABOUT FAYED'S work in a 2006 issue of The American Journal of Medicine, and, being a climber and a neuroscientist, it disturbed me. I've never scaled anything like Aconcagua, but, at 56, I've spent 37 years tackling peaks around the U.S. and the Alps, all below 14,500 feet. Like most normal climbers, I've had my share of altitude sickness, so Fayed's work made me wonder: Had all that time in the mountains damaged my brain? To find out, I decided to use myself as a test subject, doing one popular climb—on Washington's Mount Rainier—and then flying to Spain to meet Fayed and have my brain scanned.我读过Fayed（法耶德）2006年发表在The American Journal of Medicine（美国国家医学杂志）上的论文。我也是一名登山者，同时还是一名神经医学学者。他的文章使我感到不安。我从未攀登过类似Aconcagua（阿空加瓜山）这样的山峰。但是，今年56岁的我把37年的时间用来征服美国附近的山峰以及阿尔卑斯山。这些山峰均低于14,500英尺（4,419.6米）。和一般的登山者一样，我有过自己的高山病症状。所以Fayed（法耶德）的论文让我迷惑：是否所有在山地的时间段里我的大脑均在受损？为找到答案，我决定把自己当做检验对象。我在The Washington's Mount Rainier（华盛顿州的雷尼尔山）完成了一次常规攀越后，飞到西班牙，拜访Fayed（法耶德），做了脑部扫描。Rainier is a good place to court altitude sickness. The glacier-draped volcano rises steeply to 14,410 feet, and most of the hundreds of amateurs who attempt it each year start their trips by flying in to nearby Seattle, at sea level. Like Mont Blanc, Rainier is often attempted in a weekend push that happens too quickly for the body to acclimatize.Rainier（雷尼尔山）是一个很容易引发高山病的地方。呈褶皱状垂下的冰川覆盖的火山陡然升高到14,410英尺（约4,392.2米）。每年度试图过来攀登的数百名业余登山者中的大多数人的登顶旅程是在乘坐飞机抵达（雷尼尔山）附近，海拔高度接近海平面的西雅图后，再从此开始的。和Mont Blanc（勃朗峰）一样，Rainier（雷尼尔山）总是被登山者希望在一个周末完成攀登计划，也因此会**迫身体非常迅速地适应高山环境。My 26-year-old son, Dylan, came with me, and on our first night out we slept at 3,180 feet, at a roadside campsite near the base of the mountain. The next day, we drove to a trailhead at 5,420 feet and started climbing in a whiteout. A storm forced us to bivy at 8,440 feet, where we waited out 50-mile-per-hour winds overnight.26岁的Dylan（狄伦）是我的儿子。他陪伴着我 。抵达那里的第一个晚上，我们在海拔高度为3,180英尺（约969.3米）一个路边营地里过夜。这个营地距离山下不远。第二天，我们驱车前往登山小道的起点。起点的海拔高度为5,420英尺（约1,652米）。在一片白茫茫中，我们开始向上攀登。一场风暴迫使我们在8,440英尺（约2,572.5米）的海拔高度上宿营，在哪里一整个晚上我们都在等待50英里/小时（约80.5公里/小时）的狂风停止。The next morning, we followed our compass needle through the white blur to the public shelter at Camp Muir, where we found a few teams and four guides from International Mountain Guides, one of the commercial outfits on Rainier.次日一早，依靠指南针的指示，我们在一片白雾中穿过，来到设在缪尔营地里的公共庇护所。在哪里，我们遇到一个新的团队以及四个International Mountain Guides（国际山地指南，雷尼尔山的商业性向导机构中的一个）的向导。One guide, Karl Rigrish, estimated that about 40 percent of the company's clients suffer at least mild altitude illness on Rainier. The key to avoiding that, he and other guides said, is taking it slow. Gary Talcott, a guide with Rainier Mountaineering Inc., recommends doing no more than 2,000 feet per day and staying hydrated, which helps thin the blood by replacing lost fluids.Karl Rigrish（卡尔·雷格里希）是其中一名向导。他估计他们公司的40%的客户在雷尼尔山至少有过轻度的高山病。他和其他向导说，避免这种情况出现的关键是，慢慢来。Gary Talcott（加里·塔尔卡特）是Rainier Mountaineering Inc.（雷尼尔山登山国际）的一名向导。他推荐每天上升高度不超过2,000英尺(609.6米)。同时保持体内水分,保持水分可以使身体通过补充流失的体液来稀释变稠的血液。Medical texts are even more conservative, calling for an ascent rate of 1,000 feet per day above 5,000 feet to avoid acute mountain sickness, or AMS. But who has time for that? On Rainier, that would mean taking five days just to get to the mid-mountain camp, which most climbers do in a day and we did in two. Climbing services will gladly lead trips at a slower pace, but most clients push for cheaper, more rapid ascents, relying on the better-acclimatized guides to take care of them if they get into trouble.医学界的建议甚至更为保守。它要求在海拔高度超过5,000英尺（1,524米）时,为了避免AMS(acute mountain sickness的缩写,急性高山病)的发生,每天的攀升高度不应超过1,000英尺(304.8米)。但是究竟谁有这么多的时间来这么做？在雷尼尔山，这意味着要花5天时间才能刚好抵达半山腰上的营地。而这段路程大部分登山者只用一天就完成了，我和我的儿子花了两天时间。商业公司当然乐意在这样的慢节奏下指引登山者，但是他们大部分的客户依据较好的适应性方案对他们可能面临的问题而给予的关照，极力争取更便宜和更快速的登顶方案。Notably, the results of Fayed's study hinted that the brain damage from high-altitude climbing might be reduced or even eliminated through proper acclimatization, the kind that amateurs often don't perform very diligently. The amateur team on Mont Blanc took just two days to climb roughly 8,000 feet to the summit, and half the team showed clear signs of damage when scanned a few days later. The amateurs on Aconcagua gave themselves six days of acclimatizing for that 9,000-vertical-foot climb (as opposed to the two to three weeks taken by commercial teams), and every brain scan showed problems. (A second scan three years later showed no improvement.) Overall, five of the 23 amateurs the Spaniards studied had irreversible subcortical lesions—the most serious brain injury the team found. None of the 12 professionals had them.值得注意的是，Fayed（法耶德）的研究结果暗示，通过正确的适应性过程，可以减少甚至消除高海拔登山给脑部带来的损害。这个过程，业余登山者往往不能坚持不懈地严格进行。勃朗峰上的一个业余团队仅仅用了两天时间就攀升了约8000英尺（2,438.4米）并且登顶.几天后的脑部扫描结果表明这个团队半数的队员出现明显的脑损害症状。Aconcagua（阿空加瓜山）上的这队业余登山者给他们安排了6天时间来适应环境，以完成9000英尺（2,743.2米）的垂直攀升（与此相对应，商业团队则需要2到3周的时间），这个团队的每一名成员的脑部扫描结果都出现问题。（三年后的第二次扫描发现情况没有改善）总的来说，西班牙人研究过的23名业余登山者中的5人患有不可逆转的大脑皮层下损害-这也是他们发现的最严重的损害。12名专业登山者中无人患有这些病变。The pros weren't biochemically gifted—their blood showed similar levels of oxygen-carrying red blood cells—but it appears that they acclimatized better through proper technique, while avoiding the kinds of amateur mistakes that stress the body.专业登山者的优势在生物化学的意义上并不是来自天赐的礼物-他们和业余登山者的血液含氧量（或红细胞含量）相近。但是当他们通过正确的技巧更好地适应高山环境后，他们避免了业余登山者的错误导致的使得身体变得紧张这样的结果出现。这时他们的优势显示出来了。 "Amateurs have something to prove, so they kill themselves to get to base camp and they're predisposed to getting sick," says climber and photographer Jimmy Chin. "When we're hiking to base camp, a pro like Conrad Anker is in the back of the line, taking his time, smelling the flowers. I think that helps."“业余登山者有些东西需要改变。这是因为他们冒着生命危险抵达大本营，而他们也易患高山病。”登山者兼摄影家Jimmy Chin（本文的插图照片就是由他拍摄）说。“当我们徒步到达大本营时，登山者的支援者就像Conrad Anker（康拉德·安科尔）就在队伍的后面，花费时间去嗅那些花儿。我认为这些东西对我们有益。”On our climb, the storm never let up, so we descended from Camp Muir, at 10,080 feet. During the trip down, we got a reminder that the mountains hold risks beyond thin air. About an hour after leaving camp, Dylan broke through a weak snow bridge over a crevasse. He slithered to safety as the crumbling block fell into the chasm below.在我和儿子的攀升过程中，风暴一直没有减少。所以我们从海拔高度为10,080英尺（约3,072.4米）的缪尔营地下撤。在下降过称中，我们获得一个提示，登山的风险远不止于稀薄的空气。离开营地约一个半小时后，Dylan（狄伦）压垮了一个横在裂缝上的不牢固的雪桥。伴随着破碎的雪块落入裂缝下方，他摇晃着滑到了安全的地方。A few days later, I flew to Spain for my brain scan. The ceiling slipped away as my head slid into the chamber of an MRI machine in a Zaragoza hospital. When it was over, Fayed and Modrego scrolled through the slices of my brain, magically peeling away layers of undulating cortex. "A small VR space," Fayed said. Flipping through a few more, he said, "Another one."几天后，为做脑部扫描，我飞往西班牙。在萨拉戈萨医院，当我的头部滑进MRI的腔室时，天花板从我的眼前消失。这个过程结束后，Fayed（法耶德）和Modrego（莫德雷戈）审阅了我的脑扫描图，魔术般地剥去了那些波浪般起伏着的皮层。“一个小的VR空间。”Fayed（法耶德）说。又浏览了更多的几张，他说，“这里还又一个。”"Perfectly normal," Modrego assured me. "For your age."Modrego（莫德雷戈）说，“以你的年龄，相当的正常。”Fayed burned the 3-D images of my brain onto a CD and handed it to me with a smile. I was in the clear but somehow didn't feel at ease.Fayed（法耶德）把我的脑扫描3维图像刻录成CD，面带笑容地把CD递给我。我确实没有症状，但却多少有些不自在。THIS IS SCIENCE that's still in its infancy. There haven't been many studies of brain changes in climbers at moderate altitudes, partly because it's difficult to get the required approvals for research on humans in a situation that puts them at risk for injury and partly because most climbers who return from such trips appear to be healthy, not in need of a $3,000 MRI. But the few high-altitude studies that have been done seem to bear out the Spanish team's findings.这些研究确实是科学的，但也仍然还在开始阶段。目前还没有太多的关于攀登过中等高度的登山者的脑部变化的研究报告。部分原因是由于这种研究会使涉及到的人有受伤害的风险而很难申请到必需的许可。部分原因是因为大多数从这样的攀登之旅归来之后似乎依然健康，因而没必要花费3000美元去做MRI扫描。但是这些个高海拔研究结果仍然能支持西班牙人的发现。What is still unclear is how high you have to go, or how fast, before your neurons start dying en masse. The greatest risk lies above 15,000 feet, but there's no reason to assume it can't happen lower. My normal scan is by no means the kind of data one can base a sweeping conclusion on, but to me it suggests that someone climbing mountains for years around the U.S. (outside of Alaska) should be fine, if he or she is careful to acclimatize well.目前尚不清楚的是在神经细胞开始集体死亡之前，登山者攀升的高度如何以及攀升的速率有快。最大的风险在15,000英尺（4,572米）之上，但是没有理由推测这种风险不会发生在低一些的高度上。我自己的正常的扫描结果绝不意味着这种数据上可以建立一个可以推而广之的结论。但是对我而言，如果一个人很小心地完整地适应性过程，那么他或她在数年内攀登美国周边的山峰（阿拉斯加除外）应该是安全的。Still, it's also clear that one high-altitude climb can really hurt. Before the Kilimanjaro trip, all seven of the trekkers in Fayed's study had a brain scan to confirm they had n afterwards, one hiker's scan revealed the white-birdshot look of enlarged VR spaces in his brain. And since the damage can occur without signs of altitude sickness, we can only assume that the worse you feel, the more at risk you are.但是，高海拔登山活动确实是有害的，这一点是非常明显的。Kilimanjaro（乞力马扎罗山）之旅出发前，Fayed（法耶德）研究过的所有7名旅行者都进行了脑部扫描，结果确认他们的脑部没有已经存在的损伤；后来，其中的一名徒步旅行者的脑部扫描结果显示，在他的脑部出现看起来象鸟枪造成的弹孔一样的白色的扩大了的VR空间。同时由于这种损害的发生时并没有高山病症状的出现，所以我们只能假设，登山者的感受越糟，登山者面临的风险越大。We're also learning that the older you are, the more susceptible you become to the effects of high-altitude hypoxia. According to Fayed's latest study, published online last May in the journal Neurological Research, the risks of altitude sickness and potential brain damage grow with age—climbers in their late thirties and early forties are more likely to have either AMS or brain damage than climbers in their late twenties and early thirties.我们同样也可以学到，登山者的年龄越大，越容易受到高海拔地带的缺氧效应对他们的影响。根据Fayed（法耶德）最近的研究，论文发表在去年五月份的英国神经医学研究杂志在线。高海拔病以及潜在的脑部损害的风险随着年龄的增大而增大-年龄在四十岁左右的登山者比30岁左右的登山者更容易患急性高山病(AMS ,Acute Mountain Sickness)或脑部损害。You'd think all of this might give pause to people whose passions take them into the highest mountains. But I asked Fayed if any of the climbers in his studies quit the sport after seeing the damage to their brains.你会想到，所有这些或许会使那些被激情推到高山的人们变得犹豫。但是，当我问Fayed（法耶德）在之前的研究中是否有人在看到他们自己的脑损害后退出登山者的行列时。"They are all still climbing," he said. "Our purpose is not to convince anyone to stop climbing. It is to make people aware of the dangers and the need to acclimatize properly."“他们仍然在登山。”他说，“我们的目的并不是说服任何一个登山者停止攀登。我们只是让人们了解其中的危险以及正确地适应高海拔环境的必要性。”Most of the climbers I talked to seemed unfazed by the risks. Mountaineers are already undeterred by exposure to much more immediate and lethal hazards. And many have already suspected for years that high-altitude climbing has an effect on the brain.和我交谈过的大多数登山者似乎对这些风险表现出无所畏惧。他们并不因置身于更直接的和更致命的危险之中而有所畏惧。与此同时，他们中的很多人在几年前就已经怀疑高海拔地区的攀登活动对脑部有影响。"High-altitude mountaineering kills brain cells—no doubt," says RMI guide Melissa Arnot. "But this is what I do. It's my profession." One internationally known climber confided to me that he isn't sure whether his cognitive function recovers completely after big climbs, or if he just gets accustomed to the diminished capacity. Another, RMI guide Alex Van Steen, once told me, "Sometimes you're never quite right afterwards."“毫无疑问，高海拔地域的登山活动在杀死脑细胞。”Rainier Mountaineering Inc.（缩写为RMI，雷尼尔山登山国际）的向导Melissa Arnot（梅利莎·阿诺特）说，“但这是我的工作，也是我的职业。”一个国际知名的登山者对我透露，他并不确定他的感知能力是否可以在攀登高峰之后完全恢复，或是否他只是对失去的功能逐渐适应。另一个RMI公司的向导Alex Van Steen（亚历克斯·凡·斯蒂恩）曾对我说，“有些时候，有些事后你不会总是对的。”I, for one, will not stop climbing. But Fayed's science is sound, and it's changed the way I'll go about it. I'm not going to be as tempted to push through the pain of altitude illness to try to reach the summit. Climbers are always looking for external warning signs that they should turn around: approaching weather, weakening teammates, unstable snow. It's clear now that mountain sickness is an internal warning that they should treat with just as much respect.至于我，是不会终止登山的。然而Fayed（法耶德）的理论是合理的，这也改变了我的登山方法。我不会再象以前一样试图通过承受高山病的痛苦以抵达顶峰。登山者总是在寻找来自外部的警告信号以决定他们是否应该返回：即将到来的恶劣气候，虚弱的队友，不稳定的雪。现在有一点是清楚的，那就是高山病是一个体内的预警信号，一个他们应该同样郑重地处理的信号。The Damage Dictionary对几种损害的说明The key to avoiding altitude-related brain injury: Sleep low, climb slow, stay hydrated, and turn back if you begin to feel sick (Photograph by Jimmy Chin)图片说明：避免和高海拔有关的脑损伤的关键在于：在低处睡觉，缓慢爬升，保持体内水分，如果你开始感觉不舒服，立刻返回。ENLARGED VIRCHOW-ROBIN (VR) SPACES增大了的VR空间Widening of spaces surrounding blood vessels in the brain. They are caused by brain swelling or atrophy and are associated with age-related cognitive decline, dementia, and various brain diseases.脑血管周围空间的扩大。是由于脑的肿胀或脑部的萎缩引起，和年龄关联的认知衰退，痴呆，以及各种脑部疾病与之有关。 CORTICAL ATROPHY皮层萎缩Loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex—the surface layer of the brain, which carries out conscious thought, physical perception, and higher-level control of body movements.大脑皮层的神经损失-大脑皮层也即是大脑表层，有意识的思考，身体感知，以及对身体运动的更高层次的控制，这些活动是在大脑皮层里进行的。SUBCORTICAL LESION大脑皮层下的损害Damage to the white matter beneath the cerebral cortex. In a climber's brain, the damage is often caused by small strokes—clots that form in the thickened blood, starving the surrounding tissue of oxygen. White matter is the network that transfers signals between parts of the brain, so damage causes widespread and irreversible problems对大脑皮层之下的脑白质的损毁。在登山者的脑部，这种损伤通常是由于轻度中风-粘稠血液中的血块，周围组织缺氧引起的中风。脑白质是为脑部各个区域传递信号的网络，所以脑白质的破坏将引起广泛的和不可逆转的病变。Protect Your Brain保护你的大脑Follow these steps to prevent high-altitude trouble in your head.依照下面的步骤以防止高海拔对你的大脑的危害Enlarged VR spaces—more common in the elderly—are clearly visible on this young amateur climber's brain scan after Aconcagua (Photograph by Jimmy Chin)图片说明：增大了的VR空间-更常见于老年人中-从这个年轻的业余登山者从阿空加瓜山返回后拍摄的脑部扫描图中明显可见。1. Coming from sea level? Spend night one at about 5,000 feet. 如果来自海平面高度 ，在海拔5,000英尺（1524米）左右的高度上度过一个晚上。2. Ascend as slowly as possible. Medically speaking, the safest rate is 1,000 feet per day above 9,000 feet.&&攀高越慢越好。按照医学上的说法，在海拔9,000英尺（2743.2米）以上，安全的攀高速率是每天1000英尺(304.8 米)。3. Minimize time above 19,500 feet. 在海拔19,500英尺（5,943.6米）的高度以上停留的时间越短越好 。4. Climb high, sleep low. The higher elevation will kick-start the acclimatization process, while descending at night allows the body to adapt at a safer elevation. Or build in a rest day every 2-3 days. 爬的越高,睡觉的地方需要越低.高海拔将猛然推动(身体的)适应环境过程。当晚上下降高度后，可以让身体在一个安全的高度上适应海拔变化。或每间隔两到三天就插入一个休息天。5. Listen to your body. Never ascend with obvious symptoms
descend if symptoms worsen. 听从你的身体信号。坚决不在有明显的高海拔病症状才出现时攀升；如果症状恶化，下撤。6. Stay hydrated, avoid excess salt, and eat foods rich in carbohydrates.&&保持身体水分，避免过多食用食盐，吃碳水化合物含量丰富的食物。7. Don't drink alcohol—it's dehydrating and depresses breathing.&&不要饮酒-饮酒导致脱水以及抑制呼吸。I'm Not Feeling So Good...我的感觉不太好On Jimmy Chin's expeditions, he takes it easy at base camp. "Your body gets weakened with stress. Resting really well and getting acclimatized at a lower elevation is more important than getting fatigued from constantly trying to climb high and sleep low" (Photograph by Jimmy Chin)图片说明：在Jimmy Chin的探险中，他在大本营里从容不迫。“身体会因为紧张而变得虚弱。和频繁地试图爬高以及在低处睡觉使身体疲惫不堪相比，确保休息好以及在在低海拔区域逐渐适应环境非常重要。”Altitude sickness can strike as low as 6,000 feet but more commonly occurs above 8,000 feet, usually in people who've reached that elevation rapidly. The first phase is Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), which always involves mild brain swelling that, according to the Spanish study, can cause lasting damage. Symptoms include headache, nausea, if these start, climbers should descend until they disappear. If the swelling continues to worsen, it can become High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE), a very serious condition. Delusions, confusion, and emotional instabilit it can progress to cause lack of coordination, unconsciousness, and death.高原反应可能会在低到6,000英尺（1,828.8米）的高度侵袭人体，但是更常见于8,000英尺（2,438.4米）以上的海拔高度。常见于迅速到达这个高度的人群中。先期的症状是和轻微的脑肿胀有关的急性高山病(AMS ,Acute Mountain Sickness)，根据西班牙人的研究，这将引起长期的损害。症状包括头痛，恶心，不适；如果这些症状出现，登山者应立即下降高度直到这些症状消失。如果脑肿胀进一步恶化，将转变为High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE，高海拔脑水肿)，一种非常危险的状态。早期症状有错觉，意识模糊，情绪不稳定；HACE可以进一步引起协调性丧失，意识不清，以及死亡。Here's what happens: At altitude, the lack of oxygen causes your heart and respiration rates to increase. This causes you to exhale too much carbon dioxide, which upsets the water and electrolyte balance in the blood. That, in turn, damages the walls of brain (and lung) capillaries, causing them to leak fluid into surrounding tissue and make the brain swell. The blood also becomes thicker as more red blood cells are produced to transport oxygen and as water is pulled out by dehydration. In the most serious cases, clots develop in the thickened blood, causing minor strokes.其过程：在高海波地域，缺氧引起心律和呼吸频率升高，使过多的二氧化碳被呼出，结果体内的水分和电解质的平衡被破坏。然后，大脑外璧和肺部的毛细血管被破坏，毛细血管的血液渗入周围组织，使脑部肿胀。当更多的红细胞产生以输送氧气，以及脱水过程使更多的水分被抽离身体，血液变得更稠。最严重的病例中，血块在变稠的血液中凝结，引起轻度中风。The Results Are In (and Kinda Scary)相关的研究结果（有点儿让人吃惊）The Spanish report is not the only one to examine brain damage in otherwise healthy high-altitude climbers.关于对其他方面表现健康的高海拔登山者的脑部损伤检查，西班牙人的报告并不是唯一的。By comparing scans of nine climbers' brains before and after trips to K2 or Everest, Dr. Margherita Di Paola and her colleagues at the University of Rome found that the climbers lost both gray and white matter. The study also showed greater damage to the brain regions controlling the dominant side of the body—presumably from the greater oxygen demands in the parts controlling movement.罗马大学的Margherita Di Paola和她的同事比较九名登山者攀登K2或珠峰前后的脑部扫描结果后发现，这些登山者的大脑灰质和白质都有损失。她们的研究还发现控制身体占优势的一侧（左撇子或右撇子）的脑部区域受损更为严重-这可能是由于控制身体运动的脑部区域较多的对氧气的需求。A 1996 study in the British journal Clinical Science compared brain scans of 21 elite climbers who had climbed above 26,000 feet and a control group of 21 people who had never been to high altitude. Sixty percent of the elite climbers showed signs of mild cortical atrophy or damage in the white matter deep in the brain. Notably, seven elite Sherpas who climbed that high but lived at high altitude were also studied. Only one showed similar effects. The authors recommended slower acclimatization.1996年，英国临床医学杂志比较了21名攀登高度超过26，000英尺（7,924.8米）的顶尖登山运动员和一个实验对照组-21名从未到过高海拔地区的人的脑部扫描照片。60%的登山精英照片显示出轻度的脑皮层萎缩或者大脑内部脑白质的轻度破坏。值得注意的是，有七名精英同时也是夏尔巴人同样也被研究过。虽然他们也攀登高山，但是他们同样也生活这个海拔高度上。其中只有一人显示出类似的症状。笔者推荐减慢适应环境这个过程。
'I want to be a ballerina': Girl, 9, stuns doctors with miraculous recovery after half her brain is removed during surgery我想成为一个芭蕾舞演员 9岁的小女孩在她的半个大脑被手术摘除后神奇般的恢复让医生震惊Nine-year-old Cameron Mott had half her brain taken out during major surgery, but it has not stopped the youngster pursuing her dreams.9岁的Cameron Mott，她的半个大脑被手术摘除，但这并没有阻止她追求她自己的梦想。Cameron has stunned doctors and her family with a miraculous recovery from the radical surgery and now wants to become a ballerina.Cameron 在根治她的痛苦的手术后奇迹般的恢复让她的家人以及她的医生感到震惊，她现在希望自己能成为一名芭蕾舞演员。The nine-year-old developed the brain disorder Rasmussen's syndrome at the age of three, which saw the disease eat away at the right side of her brain.9岁的小女孩在三岁时，脑部发生病变，患上一种名为Rasmussen综合症的脑功能紊乱，也就是说病变在逐渐地吞噬她的右脑。This triggered violent epileptic fits and seizures, which doctors eventually said could only be prevented by removing half of her brain.这导致严重的癫痫。医生最后认为只能切去她的右脑，才能阻止癫痫的发作。'It was very scary, because you just can't imagine what your child will be like after such a dramatic brain surgery,' mother Shelly Mott told Ann Curry on NBC's Today Show.小女孩的妈妈Shelly Mott对NBC的今日秀记者说，这令人惊慌，我不能想象我的孩子在接受如此的脑部手术后变成什么样子。'It just doesn't seem like they can be the same child.只是不可以象和她同龄的孩子那样。'It was absolutely the right choice. And, really, for us, when we knew what she had, and we knew that this was our only option to help her, the risk was something that we were willing to deal with because her quality of life was so poor.'事实上，当我们知道她的病况，而且明白这是我们唯一可以帮助她的选择后，对我们来说，这是完全正确的选择。因为她那时的状态非常不好，我们也愿意和她一起面对的这样做可能会带来的风险。Cameron has recently finished her physiotherapy and can now run and play, with a slight limp.The school girl also lost some of her peripheral vision.Cameron最近完成了她的理疗过程，现在可以跑步以及玩耍。虽然还有点儿行动不便。这个小姑娘同时也失去了部分周边视力。Doctors knew that removing the right side of the brain - which controls the left side of the body - meant she would be paralysed when she woke from surgery.医生们知道，切去控制左侧身体的右侧大脑意味着在她从手术后的昏迷状态苏醒之后可能会瘫痪。But they also knew that childrens' brains are capable of rewiring themselves and taking over functions.Cameron walked out of the hospital four weeks after her surgery.但他们也知道，儿童的大脑功能有重组的能力。四周后，Cameron在她的手术结束后走出医院。When asked if she had any lingering effects from the surgery, Cameron said, 'No. None at all.' 当被问道，是否有持续的手术后遗症时，小姑娘说，没。完全没有。Asked what her goals were, Cameron said: 'I want to be a ballerina when I grow up.' 问道她有什么目标时，小姑娘说，我想长大后成为一名芭蕾舞演员。祝福这个勇敢的小姑娘，希望她梦想成真。
谢谢"枫叶红了"提供并翻译相关文章。我猜想本帖列出的一些低氧脑损伤可能较多地发生在无或少低氧适应期、Solo、无氧攀登、个体氧获取能力较弱等的情况下。对一个脑力工作者，在密闭办公室中持续工作多天大脑所需的氧气量，与其登山时大脑所需的氧气量，哪个大？我觉得大脑在山野中没有平时工作中累。若在确保个体氧获能力达中高水平，有充分的低氧适应期，非Solo，非无氧攀登，大脑因缺氧的损伤应该不会高于平时某些不合理生活模式下的损伤，如长时间在密闭与烟雾缭绕室内大动脑筋。转一篇博士论文摘要模拟高原间歇性低氧对小鼠学习记忆功能的影响张家兴&&【摘要】：低氧与人类密切相关。低氧改变生理功能，严重的低氧引起病理变化。但在某些情况下它对人体还有益处。神经系统，特别是大脑皮质对低氧最为敏感。人们更为关注的可能是低氧对认知功能的影响。记忆的研究近年来得到了飞速发展，新的发现和成果不断出现，反映出人们越来越想知道人体最重要器官-大脑是如何工作的。根据不同的方式分类，记忆有不同的形式。本文在实验室条件下模拟海拔2千米(16.O%O2，PaO2：60mmHg)和5千米(10.8%O2，PaO2：41mmHg)高原低压低氧环境，观察了成年、出生后和胚胎期间歇性低氧(Intermittent hypoxia，IH) (4小时/天)暴露对小鼠空间和联合性学习记忆的影响。用Morris水迷宫和八臂迷宫测试空间学习记忆。穿梭箱用来测试联合性学习记忆。 结果：1、.与对照组(设为海平面，21%O2)比较，出生后3周和4周，2千米和5千米间歇性低氧显著地缩短了雄性小鼠(出生后36至40天,P36-40)在水迷宫中寻找站台的潜伏期，并增强了小鼠对原站台的记忆能力。其中2千米低氧小鼠的空间学习记忆增强能力可以一直持续到成年(P85-89)。出生后3周或4周2千米低氧也显著减少雄性和雌性小鼠(P60-68)在八臂迷宫中所犯错误次数。对于出生后4周低氧小鼠在P36天进行研究发现:与对照组比较电镜显示，4周2千米和5 千米低氧明显增加小鼠海马CA3区突触数目。电刺激Schaffer侧枝诱导5千米低氧小鼠CAl锥体细胞记录到幅度显著增大的LTP。western blot分析见低氧小鼠海马内磷酸化CREB(p-CRE显著增加，免疫组织化学研究进一步揭示增加的p-CREB主要在CA3区。免疫荧光研究发现，2千米和5千米低氧都诱导穿通纤维投射通路(CAl的放射层、腔隙层和分子层、CA3各部)和DG内侧轴突、门区的 PSA-NCAM表达和同源盒基因Pax6在嗅前核和盖带的表达增强。GFAP免疫阳性 星形胶质细胞在2千米和5千米低氧小鼠海马各区都明显减少，RT-PCR分析发现诱导发育阶段神经干细胞向胶质细胞转化的FGF2 mRNA在海**表达减弱。此 外，4周2千米和5千米低氧也显著诱导纹状体内PSA-NCAM强表达。微透析技 术对成年小鼠海马CA3区内氨基酸4小时低氧前、中、后实时监测可见，2千米和5千米低氧都促进海马内兴奋性谷氨酸和天冬氨酸的释放，而减少抑制性γ-氨 基丁酸的浓度。【关键词】：低氧 学习 记忆 水迷宫 穿梭箱 海马 杏仁复合体 【学位授予单位】：浙江大学【学位级别】：博士【学位授予年份】：2005【分类号】：R188【DOI】：CNKI:CDMD:1.【目录】： · 中文摘要4-6· 英文摘要6-9· 第一章 低氧影响学习记忆的研究背景9-39· 第一节 学习记忆研究进展9-29· 第二节 低氧对学习记忆影响29-31· 第三节 低氧影响学习记忆的研究意义31-32· 参考文献32-39· 第二章 模拟高原间歇性低氧影响小鼠学习记忆的行为测试39-67· 第一节 前言39· 第二节 材料和方法39-44· 第三节 结果44-60· 第四节 讨论60-64· 参考文献64-67· 第三章 出生后间歇性低氧促进小鼠空间学习记忆增强的机制67-82· 第一节 前言67-68· 第二节 材料和方法68-71· 第三节 结果71-77· 第四节 讨论77-80· 参考文献80-82· 第四章 出生后间歇性低氧损害小鼠联合性学习记忆的机制82-90· 第一节 前言82-83· 第二节 材料和方法83-84· 第三节 结果84-86· 第四节 讨论86-88· 参考文献88-90· 第五章 低氧对海马、杏仁复合体内氨基酸类神经递质和同源盒基因Pax6表达的影响90-107· 第一节 前言90-91· 第二节 材料和方法91-95· 第三节 结果95-101· 第四节 讨论101-104· 参考文献104-107· 第六章 出生后间歇性低氧对海马神经胶质细胞增殖的影响107-118· 第一节 前言107-108· 第二节 材料和方法108-110· 第三节 结果110-115· 第四节 讨论115-117· 参考文献117-118· 第七章 综合讨论118-124· 参考文献123-124· 第八章 总结124-125· 博士期间发表的论文125-126· 致谢126
１. 我讲的是事实，跟我现在不在一家公司工作的徒弟确认了以下，应该是０４年东航的上海－太原航班。２.至于专业的标准，我不是业内人士，不清楚。－－－－事实：氧气面罩只供应氧气１０分钟，最多１５分钟，无氧气供应后至少飞了２０分钟以上；当时机上有很多人头痛、呕心，甚至有个别乘客出现呕吐现象。　你说飞行员的氧气瓶也限量供应的事，参考降落伞的情况，我也理解；但是，首先，飞行员是职业，乘客是在享受航空公司的服务；其次，我推测，飞行员应该有缺氧状态飞行的训练，乘客没有（或许有的乘客有高原经验）；再次，本案例是突然失压，而不是像飞机降落到高原机场前一样有一个较缓慢的减压过程；最后，乘客的心理承受（从来没人认为太原是高原城市）。３.那次事件，东航除口头对乘客表示歉意外，无任何补偿。４.白种人与黄种人的人造差异。５.有关备降，有具体的指标么？谢谢。————————————————————————————1：你确认了关于飞行的什么？2：快速失压缺氧导致的将是晕厥，恶心呕吐？转两圈也是这样。飞行员没有缺氧的训练，也不允许缺氧。飞行员的座舱检查就有个项目就是检查氧气面罩。737-300系座舱高度高于14000英尺时如果PASS OXYGEN置于NORMAL位时旅客氧气面罩会自动脱落。化学产生的氧气可以稳定供应12分钟。&&&&上海到太原，一般虹桥起飞大概两个小时，你提供时间按35分钟算，扣除紧急下降算10分钟（判断执行），飞行25分钟，一次进近10分钟，还有15分钟时间加上飞机本来就在下降减速，只有太原，（太原周围南、东方向有长治178公里——航线距离太原下同；邯郸300公里；济源：311公里；洛阳：353；新郑：约310公里）&&&&以下引自B737-300快速检查单：不正常检查单：空调增压和气源：&&&&急剧释压：&&&&氧气面罩及调节器——戴上100%&&&&机组通讯——建立&&&&增压方式选择电门——人工&&&&放气活门开关——关闭&&&&旅客信号——开&&&&旅客氧气开关（如需要）——开&&&&如需要：紧急下降——开始&&&&紧急下降：&&&&紧急下降——宣布&&&&发动机启动开关——开&&&&推力手柄——收光&&&&减速板——飞行卡位&&&&目标速度——最大使用马赫/空速&&&&改平高度——最低安全高度或10000英尺（从长治到武宿的最低安全高度是2623米及8606英尺）&&&&一个做念，一个检查。3：没有违反法规4：你觉得在生命上有区别那是你的事，民用航空运输安全是永远放在第一位的。5：指标多了去了，但最常见的是天气。&&&&紧急下降、单发、中断起飞、还有很多法规规定的项目是每次复训都要训练的，直到成为飞行员反应的一部分，就像被烟头烫到要缩手一样，但就是这样还要翻出检查单，一项一项对着做，做一个大声喊出来，另外一个人检查。&&&&还有讨论的是不可能你在10000英尺上面敞着飞。跑题我也奉陪了。
广告下：波兰首位无氧方式登顶珠峰的登山家Martin Miotk谈高山适应(Aklimatyzacja, Acclimation)、高山病(Choroba wysokogórska, Disease alpine)及 高寒损害和高原灼伤(Temperatura, Once cold, once warm) ，写于2006年。
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